USA - California - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Give a brief overview of Californias history

A
  • Late 19th century: Wine research at University of California (now based in Davis)
  • 1930s to 60s: Wine industry rebuilt
  • Preference for medium-sweet and sweet wines
  • Mid to late 20th century: Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon became dominant varieties
  • 1976: two Californian wines received top scores at blind tasting in Paris
  • Strong trend towards concentrated, high alcohol wines with lot of oak -> now not anymore
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2
Q

What are some factors that allow California to produce high quality wines today?

A
  • Greater concentration on matching grape variety to the regional or site climate and soil
  • Higher number of professionally trained winemakers with international experience
  • Highly-regarded local wine research center located in Davis
  • Great interest in experimenting with a wide range of grape varieties, winemaking techniques and wine styles
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3
Q

What are the two major influences on climate and, hence, grape growing?

A
  • Cold Pacific Ocean: current form the north and upwelling (deeply cold water rises to the surface) along the west coast
  • Mountains: topography has much more influence than latitude
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4
Q

What is the approx. latitude of Californian wine regions and what does that mean for regions without influences from coast or mountains?

A
  • 32–42° N
  • Sunlight is intense
  • Much warmer
  • -> mostly inexpensive, high-volume wines
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5
Q

How do regions further inland profit from the ocean?

A

Through valley channels

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6
Q

What is the trend regarding manual and mechanized labor? Why?

A
  • More mechanization where it is possible
  • Skilled Mexican labor not as available as before
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7
Q

Comment on irrigation practices and trends

A
  • Lack of rainfall during the growing season
  • Irrigation often installed
  • Drought a problem in recent years
  • Tensions between various agricultural businesses and residents
  • Local water sustainability agencies enforce water management schemes
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8
Q

What is the major disease risk?

A
  • Pierce’s disease spread by leafhoppers
  • Fungal diseases not a big problem because of low rainfall and breezes
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9
Q

What are major weather hazards

A
  • Spring frosts -> sprinklers and wind machines
  • Wildfires
  • Risk of smoke taint
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10
Q

Comment on sustainable grape growing

A
  • Widely practiced
  • Different certification programs
  • 85% of wine production from sustainable wineries
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11
Q

Comment on organic grape growing and wine production

A
  • Wine labeled as organic must have no addition of SO2 -> not many do it
  • More often: certified organic grapes
  • Some do biodynamic
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12
Q

What are the most grown varieties (in descending order of ha planted)?

A
  • Chardonnay (≈20%)
  • Cabernet Sauvignon (≈20%)
  • Pinot Noir
  • Zinfandel
  • Merlot
  • French Colombard
  • Syrah
  • Pinot Gris
  • Sauvignon Blanc
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13
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon
What impact do cooling influences have on the style of Cabernet Sauvignon (aromas, body, alcohol)? How is it countered and what other style can be produced?

A
  • Vineyards with some moderating influence: fresher black fruit and herbal flavours, less body and lower alcohol
  • Vineyard management (e.g., Green-harvesting)
  • Harvesting dates (e.g., ong ‘hang times’)
  • Very concentrated, very ripe styles of wine, often with a full body and high alcohol
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14
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon
Describe the winemaking process (maturation vessel and blending)

A
  • Almost always matured in oak
  • High percentages of new French oak
  • Now shorter maturation and better balance of oak and fruit
  • Often blended with some other Bordeaux grapes
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15
Q

Chardonnay
On what does the style depend and what sites are increasingly chosen?

A
  • Depending on site climate, winemaking practices and price
  • Trend: nearer the coast or with coastal influence, or at high altitudes
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16
Q

Chardonnay
What are three typical style of Chardonnay?

A
  • Premium wines with pronounced flavors, full body, malo, and new oak influence
  • Fresher, leaner style with less-ripe fruit and less new oak; sometimes lees contact will be managed to give struck match aromas from volatile sulfur compounds
  • Inexpensive wines in a soft, easy-drinking style, medium acidity, sometimes slight residual sugar, unoaked
17
Q

Pinot Noir
What is the trend in grape growing?

A

Strong increase over the last 20-30 years

18
Q

Pinot Noir
Where are (super-)premium wines grown?

A

Relatively cool sites (influence from coast or altitude)

19
Q

Pinot Noir
Describe the two ends of the style spectrum

A
  • Fresher style
  • Medium body and alcohol
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Fresh flavours of red cherry and raspberry
  • Riper style
  • Greater body and alcohol
  • Medium to medium(+) acidity
  • Riper flavours of black fruits or slightly jammy
20
Q

Zinfandel
What is a problem of the variety and what does it lead to?

A
  • Uneven ripening
  • Combination of medium(+) acidity and fresh + jammy flavors
21
Q

Zinfandel
Describe the typical style of premium wines (aromas, acidity, body, tannins, oak)

A
  • Raspberry to blueberry and blackberry
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Medium to full body
  • Ripe medium(+) tannins
  • American oak often used -> vanilla aromas
22
Q

Zinfandel
What is the typical style of inexpensive Zinfandel?

A
  • Soft, ripe, often jammy style
  • Possibly with oak alternatives
23
Q

Zinfandel
What other type of wine is Zinfandel used for and what is the typical style? (color, aromas, sweetness, acidity, body, alcohol, quality, price)

A
  • White Zinfandel from Central Valley
  • Medium pink color (short maceration)
  • Strawberry and fruit candy flavors
  • Medium-dry wine (fermentation stopped earlier)
  • Medium acidity
  • Medium body
  • Low alcohol
  • Acceptable to good quality
  • Inexpensive to mid-priced
24
Q

Merlot
What is the trend regarding planting?

A
  • Popular in 1990s and early 2000s
  • Plantings have declined since then
25
Q

Merlot
What is the typical style produced from Merlot?

A
  • Inexpensive and mid-priced wines
  • Fruity plummy character
  • Medium acidity and tannins
26
Q

Merlot
In what climate are premium wines from Merlot produced?

A

Moderate climates, rather than hot

27
Q

Colombard
What wines are produced from it? (aromatics, color, region, price, labeling)

A
  • Neutral white grape variety
  • Generally grown in the Central Valley
  • Inexpensive wines
  • Often blended and labeled as ‘fruity white’ or ‘dry white’
28
Q

Syrah
What is the trend?

A

Rise in popularity in recent years

29
Q

Syrah
Where is it typically grown and what is the typical style? (aromas, acidity, body, tannin)

A
  • Areas with cooling influence
  • Fresh plum, blackberry and spices
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Medium to medium(+) body
  • Medium(+) tannins
30
Q

Petite Sirah
What is the ripening time and where does it grow best?

A
  • Late ripening
  • Does best in warm areas
31
Q

Petite Sirah
Describe the typical style of wine (color, fruit, acidity, body, tannin)

A
  • Deeply colored
  • Black fruit and spice flavors
  • Medium(+) to high acidity
  • Full body
  • Medium(+) to high tannin
32
Q

When are wineries allowed to label their wines as “estate bottled”? What has this led to?

A
  • Only if the wine has been made and bottled at the producer’s winery, from the producer’s grapes, from producer’s vineyards that are within the same AVA.
  • Led to creation and approval of very large AVAs, so largest producers can use this label as well
33
Q

What business are mostly involved in production and what does this lead to?

A
  • Growers (5,900)
  • Wineries (4,800)
  • Many wineries act as merchants or grower-merchants and, hence can produce a wide variety of wines
34
Q

What type of businesses are important in grape growing?

A

Independent professional grape growers that farm thousands of ha