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WSET Level 4 - D3 > Argentina > Flashcards

Argentina Flashcards

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1
Q

What helped Argentina’s wine industry through crisis times and how did it become one of the top producing and exporting countries?

A
  • High domestic consumption
  • Arrival of famous wine consultants
  • Weak pesos
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2
Q

Climate
What is special about the location of vineyards in Argentina and what are the main climatic influences?

A
  • Latitude: 24 to 38°S
  • Altitude: 500 to 3,300m
  • Combination of altitude and latitude is essential -> altitude moderates high temps at low latitude
  • Most vineyards (except Patagonia) are located in the foothills of the Andes in the west of the country
  • Still mostly flat or gently sloping sites
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3
Q

Climate
What are the effects of altitude on grape growing?

A
  • Wide diurnal range
  • Cooler night-time temps extend the growing season and help to retain acidity and aromas
  • Intense sunlight and high proportion of ultraviolet radiation due to low latitude and high altitude
  • -> grapes with higher tannins and anthocyanins
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4
Q

Climate
What is the general climate and rainfall? What does it mean for irrigation and diseases?

A
  • Mostly continental climate
  • Rain shadow of the Andes (sometimes < 200mm)
  • Irrigation is essential
  • Dry air and strong winds reduce risk of diseases
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5
Q

Climate
What are four viticultural hazards?

A
  • Zonda wind: hot, dry powerful wind in late spring and early summer
  • Effect: lowers humidity, can induce water stress, and can affect flowering and fruit set or damage grapes
  • Mitigation: Trees to serve as windbreaks
  • Hail:
  • Effect: reduces yield significantly
  • Mitigation: netting (expensive), different vineyard sites
  • Frost
  • El Niño: despite protection from the Andes
  • Effect: much higher rainfall – and more hailstorms – which can damage crops, significantly increase the risk of disease
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6
Q

Soils
Describe the general soil type and the different textures with respect to their altitude

A
  • Mostly alluvial soils
  • Higher areas: larger stones with calcareous deposits (poor soils, optimal for naturally low yielding vines)
  • Middle areas: gravel, sands and silts
  • Lower areas: loamy-clay soils (more nutrients)
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7
Q

Soils
What type of soil is seen as a source of high quality wines and what are areas where it is found?

A
  • Deposits of calcareous soils (poor)
  • Gualtallary and Paraje Altamira in the Uco Valley
  • Pedernal Valley in San Juan
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8
Q

Vineyard Management
What is the current area under vine and how was it 50 years ago? Why?

A
  • 200,000 ha
  • Considerably higher in 1970/80s
  • Rapidly falling domestic demand
  • Vine-pull scheme
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9
Q

Vineyard Management
What is the rainfall, where does the irrigation water come from?

A
  • Rainfall is low
  • Irrigation from rivers that deliver meltwater from winter snow and glaciers in the Andes
  • Water is distributed regularly and can be stored in reservoirs until the wine producer chooses to use it
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10
Q

Vineyard Management
What irrigation methods are applied and how?

A
  • Flood irrigation common (70% of vineyards)
  • Recently more and more drip irrigation as it is cheaper and more sustainable
  • Timing of water application: larger amounts in winter and low amounts in the growing season
  • -> ensure roots grow deep
  • -> vine focuses on fruit development rather than vigorous growth
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11
Q

Vineyard Management
What is the most common training system and why? What is increasingly used?

A
  • High pergola system
  • Raise grapes away from heat of the ground and provide shade for the fruit
  • Esp. used for varieties in warmer areas that need shade (Torrontés) and/or have high vigor (Criolla Grande and Chica, Cereza and Pedro Giménez)
  • VSP is increasingly used: allows for modern canopy management and drip irrigation
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12
Q

Vineyard Management
Comment on phylloxera and grafting

A
  • Phylloxera not a major problem
  • Grafting is increasingly used to get, e.g., tolerance to drought
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13
Q

Vineyard Management
How high is the risk of fungal diseases and what does it mean for organic and biodynamic viticulture? How is the adoption?

A
  • Low risk of fungal disease -> little spraying needed
  • Ideal for organic and biodynamic viticulture (adoption still low)
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14
Q

Vineyard Management
How is harvest typically conducted?

A
  • Traditionally: harvested by hand by casual labourers
  • Recently: more mechanical harvesting due to higher costs of living
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15
Q

Grape Varieties
What is the precentage of black varieties?

A

53%

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16
Q

Grape Varieties
What are the most planted grape varieties (in descending order)?

A
  • Malbec
  • Pink criolla varieties
  • Bonarda
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Syrah
  • Pedro Giménez (white)
  • Torrontés (white)
  • Chardonnay (white)
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17
Q

Grape Varieties
What grapes did traditionally dominate plantings?

A
  • High-yielding pink criolla varieties for inexpensive wines for domestic market
  • Cereza
  • Criolla Grande
  • Criolla Chica (known as País in Chile)
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18
Q

Grape Varieties - Malbec
How much of vineyard area is planted to Malbec (%) and how is the trend?

A
  • 20%
  • Almost 5-fold increase in 20 years
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19
Q

Grape Varieties - Malbec
Describe the grape’s vigor and ripening time

A
  • High vigor
  • Mid-ripening
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20
Q

Grape Varieties - Malbec
What style of Malbec is hugely successful on the export market? (color, aromas, body, tannins, alcohol)

A
  • Deep color
  • Ripe blackberry and black plum
  • Full body
  • High but soft tannins
  • High alcohol
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21
Q

Grape Varieties - Malbec
In what wines is the variety mostly used?

A
  • Single varietal
  • Blends (e.g., with Bordeaux varieties)
  • Rosé
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22
Q

Grape Varieties - Malbec
Describe the style of Malbec from cooler sites (aromas, acidity, tannins, alcohol) and compare to one from a warmer site

A
  • Cooler sites (e.g. high altitude or relatively high latitudes)
  • Fresh red and black fruit and floral or herbal aromas
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Firm, medium(+) tannins
  • Lower alcohol
  • Warmer sites (e.g. relatively low altitudes and latitudes)
  • Riper fruit
  • Lower acidity
  • Fuller-bodied
  • Softer tannins
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23
Q

Grape Varieties - Malbec
Describe the difference between Malbec clones used in Argentina vs. France

A

Argentina: smaller berries and bunches and softer tannins compared to France

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24
Q

Grape Varieties - Bonarda
What is the ripening time and where is it, hence, mostly planted?

A
  • Late-ripening
  • San Juan and warmer areas in Mendoza
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25
Q

Grape Varieties - Bonarda
Describe the typical style (color, aromas, acidity, tannin, alcohol, oak)

A
  • Deep color
  • Red and black fruit flavors
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Medium tannins
  • Medium alcohol
  • Mostly only large and/or old oak
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26
Q

Grape Varieties - Bonarda
What range of wines can the variety produce and how does it compare to Malbec in terms of success?

A
  • Inexpensive if yields are not limited
  • More complex and structured wines if yields are limited
  • -> Still mostly consumed domestically
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27
Q

Grape Varieties - Cabernet Sauvignon
How is it used?

A
  • Typically in blends with Malbec
  • Increasingly as single varietal
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28
Q

Grape Varieties - Cabernet Sauvignon
What is different in the aromas compared to styles from other countries

A

No marked herbaceous character

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29
Q

Grape Varieties - Syrah
Where is it mostly planted and describe the typical style (aromas, body, alcohol). How do wines from cooler areas compare to that?

A
  • Hotter sites of Mendoza and San Juan (mostly planted)
  • Ripe, black fruit flavors
  • Full body
  • High alcohol
  • Cooler areas
  • Fresher fruit
  • More elegant
  • Firmer tannins
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30
Q

Grape Varieties
What other black varieties are grown?

A
  • Tempranillo
  • Merlot
  • Pinot Noir
  • Cabernet Franc
  • Petit Verdot
  • Tannat
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31
Q

Red Winemaking
What was the previous style and how are wines increasingly made today?

A
  • Previously
  • Later harvesting
  • Temperature-controlled fermentation
  • Maturation in new oak barrels (prominent oak flavors)
  • Nowadays
  • Earlier harvest for fresher fruit, higher acidity and lower alcohol
  • Experiments with natural fermentation, whole bunch/berry fermentation, gentler extraction techniques and maturation in a variety of vessels
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32
Q

Grape Varieties
What is the most grown white variety? Describe its characteristics (aromatic) and for what types of wines it is used

A
  • Pedro Giménez
  • Relatively neutral variety
  • Used to produce simple, inexpensive wines for domestic consumption
  • Recently: high-quality white wines from coolest areas (e.g., Uco Valley)
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33
Q

Grape Varieties - Torrontés
Where does the variety come from?

A

Native, natural cross of Muscat of Alexandria and Criolla Chica

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34
Q

Grape Varieties - Torrontés
Describe aromatics, vigor and ripening time

A
  • Strong floral aromas (from Muscat)
  • Vigorous
  • Early ripening (tends to get overly alcoholic and lacking acidity if not controlled)
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35
Q

Grape Varieties - Torrontés
Where are high quality examples grown and what are measures to get higher quality wines?

A
  • Cafayate (Salta) or cooler, higher vineyards, e.g., Uco Valley
  • Reducing yields, earlier harvesting and careful temperature control during fermentation
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36
Q

Grape Varieties - Chardonnay
Where do high quality examples come from and what is the typical style? (aromas, acidity, oak)

A
  • Cool sites in the Uco Valley
  • Ripe stone and tropical fruit
  • Medium(+) to high acidity
  • Matured in oak with some proportion of new oak (subtle spice notes)
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37
Q

Grape Varieties
What other white varieties are grown?

A
  • Sémillon
  • Chenin Blanc
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Viognier
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38
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
Describe the three-tier system of geographical indicators. Which category is rarely used?

A
  • IP (Indicación de Procedencia)
  • IG (or GI, Indicación Geográfica): wines that meet a certain quality made from a specific geographical area
  • DOC: wines from a specific geographical area with legislated winemaking criteria (so far only Luján de Cuyo and San Rafael in Mendoza)
39
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
Labeling - Describe the requirements for GI and DOC wines in terms of % of varieties from the region, from the vintage, single varietal, two or three varieties.

A
  • 100% from the region
  • 85% from the vintage
  • 85% from the single variety
  • 85% together from the two or three varieties
40
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
What are the maturation times for Reserva and Gran Reserva for red, white, and rosé wines?

A
  • Reserva red: min 12 months
  • Reserva white/rosé: min 6 months
  • Gran Reserva red: min 24 months
  • Gran Reserva white/rosé: min 12 months
41
Q

What are the five main regions (north to south)

A
  • Salta
  • La Rioja
  • San Juan
  • Mendoza
  • Patagonia
42
Q

What provinces form a large regional GI called “Cuyo”

A
  • La Rioja
  • San Juan
  • Mendoza
43
Q

Mendoza Province
How large is it? (vineyard area and production in %)

A
  • 75% of vineyards area
  • 2/3 of production
44
Q

Mendoza Province
Where are vineyards located?

A
  • Base and foothill of the Andes
  • Valley of the River Mendoza -> irrigation water
  • 500 to 1,500m altitude
45
Q

Mendoza Province
What is the dominant grape variety (%) and what overall percentage of black, pink and white grapes is grown?

A
  • Malbec (25%)
  • Black (62%)
  • Pink (22%)
  • White (16%)
46
Q

Mendoza Province
In what five general divisions can the vineyard are be split? (which of them is the only GI?)

A
  • Northern
  • Eastern
  • Central
  • Uco Valley (GI)
  • Southern
47
Q

Mendoza Province - Northern and Eastern Mendoza
Where are vineyards located, what are the general climatic conditions and what styles of wines are resultingly produced?

A
  • Low lying plains (500 to 700m)
  • Irrigation from rivers
  • Warmer conditions
  • Large volumes of inexpensive wine
  • Some higher quality from lower-yielding vineyards (esp. from Tempranillo and Bonarda
48
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza
What is the reputation of this region? Where are vineyards located and what are the dominant varieties?

A
  • Longest history of producing high-quality wine with many of the country’s leading producers located there
  • 600 to 1,100m
  • Malbec (dominant), Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Tempranillo
49
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza
What are the two most prestigious departments?

A
  • Luján de Cuyo
  • Maipú
50
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
Where are vineyards located and what variety covers over half of the vineyards?

A
  • 900 to 1,100m
  • Malbec (known for old vines)
51
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
What are the requirements for DOC Luján de Cuyo?

A
  • Min 24 months ageing, thereof min 12 months in oak
  • Only very few use it, typically only for Malbec
52
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
Name two well known smaller district-level GIs

A
  • Las Compuertas
  • Agrelo
53
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
Describe the typical style of Malbec and other Bordeaux varieties from the highest vineyards in the area (e.g., Las Compuertas) (aromas, acidity, body, tannins, ageing, price)

A
  • Fruity
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Full body
  • Firm tannins
  • Considerable ageing potential
  • Often command premium prices and above
54
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
What other wines are produced in the highest vineyards in the area (e.g., Las Compuertas)

A

Elegant, balanced wines from Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc

55
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
Describe the typical style of red wines from lower clay-soil vineyards (e.g., Agrelo) (aromas, quality, ageing)

A
  • Riper fruit
  • Very good to outstanding quality
  • Ageing potential
56
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Luján de Cuyo
What other wines are produced from lower clay-soil vineyards (e.g., Agrelo)

A

Fruity, full-bodied whites, particularly from Sémillon

57
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Maipú
What is the altitude and climate of vineyards

A
  • 600 to 900m
  • Warmer
58
Q

Mendoza Province - Central Mendoza - Maipú
What is the typical style of wine (variety, aromas, body, tannin, alcohol) and what two qualities of wines are produced?

A
  • Malbec
  • Intensely fruity
  • Full body
  • Softer tannins
  • Higher alcohol
  • Lowest, warmest sites: large volumes of inexpensive wines
  • Higher-quality Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Syrah and old vine Bonarda
59
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley
What are the climatic influences and what is the influence on grape growing and final wines (color, aromas, potential alcohol, acidity, tannin, quality)

A
  • 850 to 1,500m altitude
  • Cooler temps and a wider diurnal range
  • Deep color
  • Fresh fruit flavors
  • Slower sugar accumulation
  • Retain acidity
  • Ripe tannins
  • Huge quality potential
60
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley
What varieties dominate plantings?

A

Black varieties, esp. Malbec

61
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley
What additional GIs are within the Uco Valley?

A
  • Tupungato
  • Tunuyán
  • San Carlos
62
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - Tupungato
Where is it located and what wines does it produce?

A
  • Most northerly and highest departments
  • Fresh but full-bodied reds from Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir
  • Crisp, elegant whites from Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc
63
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - Tupungato
What is the most recognized district?

A

Gualtallary

64
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - Tupungato - Gualtallary
Where are vineyards located and what is the soil?

A
  • 1,100 to 1,600m
  • Distinctive limestone soils
65
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - Tupungato - Gualtallary
What types of wines are produced? (aromas, acidity, body, varities)

A
  • Red and black fruit with often herbal notes
  • Higher acidity
  • Lighter body
  • Blends of Malbec and Cabernet Franc are also common
66
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - Tunuyán
Where are vineyards located and what are different wines produced based on location?

A
  • Wider range of altitudes
  • Lower and warmer: fuller-bodied, structured yet fruity red wines
  • Higher and cooler sites: premium white wines and Pinot Noir
67
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - San Carlos
What is the department known for? (incl. varieties)

A
  • Old vine plantings and high quality reds
  • Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon and, in the lower, warmer areas, Syrah
68
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - San Carlos
Where are vineyards located and how does that influence the style of wine compared to Gualtallary? (intensity, body, ageing)

A
  • 1,100-1,200m altitude (lower than Gualtallary)
  • More intense, fuller-bodied
  • Can age well (acidity and tannin)
69
Q

Mendoza Province - Uco Valley - San Carlos
What GI does it include and what is the GI known for?

A
  • Paraje Altamira
  • High presence of calcium carbonate and a stony topsoil
70
Q

Mendoza Province - Southern Mendoza
In what department are most vineyards located?

A

San Rafael

71
Q

Mendoza Province - Southern Mendoza - San Rafael
Where are vineyards located and what is the influence on grape growing? (potential alcohol, acidity, hazards)

A
  • Lower altitude (450-850m)
  • More southerly latitude
  • Cooler and longer summers
  • Slower sugar accumulation
  • Good acid retention
  • Prone to summer hailstorms
72
Q

Mendoza Province - Southern Mendoza - San Rafael
What are the most grown grapes and what is the general reputation?

A
  • Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Bonarda
  • Chenin Blanc (signature white grape)
  • Lower reputation than other Mendoza provinces
73
Q

San Juan Province
How does its size compare to other regions in Argentina?

A

Second largest, but still only a third of Mendoza

74
Q

San Juan Province
At what altitudes are vineyards located and what different styles does it produce? (incl. varieties)

A
  • 600 to 1,500m
  • Lower sites: hotter than much of Mendoza with lower diurnal range
  • Inexpensive wines, mostly from high-yielding pink varieties
  • Higher sites: higher-quality wines
  • Syrah (most planted), Malbec and Bonarda
75
Q

San Juan Province
What is a prominent GI, where are vineyards located and what types of wines does it produce? (aromas, acidity)

A
  • Pedernal Valley
  • 1,250-1,500m
  • Wines with fresher fruit and higher acidity
76
Q

La Roja Province
What is the province known for (style, varieties) and who produces most of it?

A
  • High-volume, inexpensive wines
  • Torrontés, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec and Syrah
  • La Riojana co-operative
77
Q

Salta Province
What is the trend?

A

Attracting significant investments from within and outside of Argentina

78
Q

Salta Province
Where are vineyards located and what are climatic influences and the effect on grape growing?

A
  • Along the valley of the Calchaquí River (important for irrigation)
  • Latitude: 24° to 26°S
  • Altitude: 1,500 to over 3,000m
  • Very intense sunlight -> high levels of anthocyanins and tannins
  • Shade from mountains
  • Strong zonda wind
  • -> Thicker skins and lower yields
  • Highly concentrated, fragrant, fresh and full-bodied wines
79
Q

Salta Province
What is the dominant variety and what is the typical style (aromas, acidity, body, alcohol)?

A
  • Malbec
  • Ripe black fruit, with distinctive herbal or floral notes
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Full body
  • High alcohol
80
Q

Salta Province
What other varieties besides Malbec are grown?

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Bonarda
  • Syrah
  • Tannat
81
Q

Salta Province
What is the principal white variety and what GI is well known for it, where are vineyards located and what is the typical style of the final wine (aromatic, oak)?

A
  • Torrontés
  • GI Cafayate
  • Altitude: 1,700m
  • Aromatic, usually un-oaked wines
82
Q

Patagonia Province
Where is the region and are vineyards located? What are climatic influences and rainfall?

A
  • Around 700km south of Mendoza City
  • Latitude: 38° to 39°S
  • Altitude: Up to 400m (much lower)
  • Lower temps
  • Less intense sunlight
  • Longer growing season
  • Low rainfall (< 200mm) -> irrigation is essential
83
Q

Patagonia Province
What is the most planted variety and what other varieties does it have a reputation for?

A
  • Malbec (most planted)
  • High-quality wines from
  • Pinot Noir
  • Cabernet Franc
  • Merlot
  • Sémillon
  • Chardonnay
  • Riesling
84
Q

Patagonia Province
What potential hazards exist?

A
  • Constant winds
  • Help to produce healthy and thick-skinned grapes
  • Can disrupt flowering and damage vines
85
Q

Patagonia Province
What are the two most important provinces within Patagonia?

A
  • Río Negro (most production)
  • Neuquén (small number of wineries)
86
Q

Patagonia Province - Río Negro Province
At what altitudes are vineyards located, what does it have major plantings of and from what varieties does it produce wines?

A
  • Mostly at around 180-270m
  • Significant stocks of old vines, mostly Sémillon, Pinot Noir and Malbec
  • Elegant, well-balanced Pinot Noir, Malbec, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling
87
Q

Patagonia Province - Neuquén Province
How large is the province, what is the rough climate and what styles of wines from what varieties are produced?

A
  • Only a small number of vineyards
  • Slightly warmer, more arid area
  • Riper styles of wine
  • Malbec, Pinot Noir, Merlot and Sauvignon Blanc
88
Q

Wine Business
How much wine does it produce compared to other countries?

A
  • 5th largest wine producing country
  • 13 mn hL
89
Q

Wine Business
How much is exported and what are main export markets?

A
  • 20%
  • USA, UK, Spain, Canada, Brazil
90
Q

Wine Business
Describe the trend in exports

A
  • Dramatically increased between 2000 and 2008 due to weak peso
  • Decreased more then 25% since then
91
Q

Wine Business
What is the most exported wine?

A
  • Single varietal Malbec
  • 60% of exports
92
Q

Wine Business
What businesses are mainly involved?

A
  • Many family-owned wineries, smaller growers, and small avg. vineyard sizes
  • Some of the world’s highest-volume producers
93
Q

Wine Business
What is the trend regarding investments?

A

Significant investments in the last decades, esp. from France, Spain, Italy, and Chile

WSET Level 4 - D3 (56 decks)

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