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WSET Level 4 - D3 > Chile > Flashcards

Chile Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly describe what happened before and after 1980

A
  • Before 1980s:
  • Majority of cheap wine consumed domestically
  • Half of vineyards pulled
  • After 1980s:
  • Shift to quality wines for export market
  • Large areas replanted
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2
Q

Climate
What is the general climate and tendencies towards north and south?

A
  • Mostly warm, Mediterranean
  • Long, dry and sunny growing season
  • Becomes cooler and wetter further south
  • Intense sunlight due to relatively low latitude
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3
Q

Climate
What is the annual rainfall?

A
  • North and inland: drier (80mm in Elqui)
  • South and coast: wetter (1,200mm in Bío Bío)
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4
Q

Climate
What weather phenomenons are there from the Pacific? What does it cause?

A
  • El Niño: every two to ten years -> much higher rainfall
  • La Niña: much lower rainfall or drought
  • -> Vintage variations
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5
Q

Climate
What are the two major factors influencing the climate?

A
  • Pacific Ocean and Andes
  • Provide a significant cooling influence
  • Lengthening the growing season and allowing the grapes to retain acidity and aromas
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6
Q

Climate
What are specific effects of the Pacific?

A
  • Range of low mountains (300-800m) forms barrier against influence from the ocean
  • Humboldt Current flows up from Antarctica and brings cold water and cool air
  • Warm air rises from the land and cool air is sucked inland
  • Morning fog moderates temps and increases humidity until it is burned away by the heat of sun
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7
Q

Climate
What does the coastal range and the Andes create and what does it mean for grape growing? Where do they merge?

A
  • Create a large, dry, warm and sunny central valley -> grapes for high volumes of inexpensive wines
  • Coastal range and Andes merge to the north of Santiago (in Coquimbo and Aconcagua)
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8
Q

Climate
Where are higher quality grapes grown?

A
  • Where there are cooling influences
  • Gaps in the coastal ranges
  • Altitude or aspect
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9
Q

Climate
What are effects from the Andes?

A
  • Cool mountain air descends
  • High diurnal ranges
  • Altitude can also moderate temps
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10
Q

Soil
Describe the soils in the three distinct parts

A
  • River valleys: fertile soils, mainly alluvial
  • Slopes in coastal ranges: less fertile, more gravel with sand and silt
  • Slopes in Andes: less fertile, volcanic, mainly granite
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11
Q

Vineyard Management
What is the total area under vine?

A

137,000 ha

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12
Q

Vineyard Management
What influence does the climate in inland and coastal regions have on grape growing? (incl. diseases and organic/sustainable viticulture)

A
  • Mostly dry and sunny:
  • Healthy, fully ripe grapes with high levels of tannins and anthocyanins
  • Lower diesease risk -> Sustainable and organic viticulture easy to practice
  • Coastal areas:
  • Fungal diseases can be an issue
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13
Q

Vineyard Management
Is irrigation allowed? Comment on water availability and climate change

A
  • Widely practiced (85% of vineyards)
  • Except in Itata (and Bío Bío and Maule) where vineyards can rely on rainfall (old vines with deep roots)
  • Pure water from melting snow brought down from the Andes
  • Climate change: higher temps and less snowfall
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14
Q

Vineyard Management
What is a significant hazard?

A
  • Forest fires (from major forest plantations)
  • If not directly affected, smoke taint is a problem
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15
Q

Vineyard Management
Comment on Phylloxera

A
  • Phylloxera free
  • -> Geographical barriers and strict quarantine rules
  • -> Considerable plantings of old, ungrafted vines (mostly bush vines)
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16
Q

Vineyard Management
What is the common training system and how is harvest conducted?

A
  • VSP most common
  • Mostly by hand, mechanization in flat Central Valley
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17
Q

Grape Varieties
What is the ratio between black and white varieties?

A
  • 75% black
  • 25% white
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18
Q

Grape Varieties
What are the most grown varieties? (in descending order)

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon (by far most grown)
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Merlot
  • Chardonnay
  • Carmenere
  • País
  • Syrah
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19
Q

Grape Varieties
How did the plantings of varieties change from before 1990s and after?

A
  • Before 1990s: País most planted variety, mostly for inexpensive wines
  • After 1990s: mostly international varieties
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20
Q

Grape Varieties
What is a very current trend regarding varieties?

A

Trend towards greater diversity

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21
Q

Grape Varieties
What range of wines does Chile produce?

A
  • Increasingly diverse
  • Leading in inexpensive fruity wines
  • Can also produce very good and outstanding quality wines
  • Lots of experiments in winemaking
  • Rosé and sweet wines also produced
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22
Q

Grape Varieties - Cabernet Sauvignon
What styles of wines does it produce?

A
  • Chile’s most finest and expensive wines
  • Single varietal or blended with Merlot, Carmenere or Syrah
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23
Q

Grape Varieties - Cabernet Sauvignon
Where are higher quality wines grown and what is the resulting style? (aromas, acidity, body, tannin, maturation)

A
  • Sites near the Andes: poorer soils control vigor and cool nights slow down ripening
  • Pronounced dark fruit, particularly blackcurrant, often with a herbaceous (mint or eucalyptus) character
  • Retained acidity
  • Full body
  • High, but ripe tannins
  • Maturation in at least a proportion of new oak (toasty, spicy notes)
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24
Q

Grape Varieties - Cabernet Sauvignon
Where are large amounts of inexpensive, fruity wines grown and what is the resulting style compared to higher quality wines?

A
  • Flatter parts of the Central Valley
  • Dark fruit and herbal notes
  • Less structure, complexity and intensity
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25
Q

Grape Varieties - Merlot
What are different styles of Merlot produced? Where are they popular?

A
  • Inexpensive Merlot with dark fruit, medium body and soft tannins, mainly from the Central Valley
  • -> Great on export markets and for blends
  • More complex examples with riper fruit and fuller body are achieved with lower yields
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26
Q

Grape Varieties - Carmenere
How is it used?

A
  • Often in blends
  • Increasingly as single varietal wine
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27
Q

Grape Varieties - Carmenere
Describe the typical style of a good to very good quality example (aromas, acidity, body, tannin)

A
  • Ripe black fruit (blackberry), herbaceous characteristics (bell pepper, eucalyptus) and notes of spice, roasted coffee or dark chocolate (when oaked)
  • Medium acidity
  • Full body
  • High tannin
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28
Q

Grape Varieties - Carmenere
What is important when growing this variety?

A
  • Site selection: ripens two to three weeks later than Merlot
  • Needs warm, sunny sites, otherwise overly herbaceous with harsh tannins
  • If too ripe, can be overly alcoholic
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29
Q

Grape Varieties - Syrah
What is the trend in plantings? What is the range of styles produced? (regions, aromas, acidity, body)

A
  • Strongly increasing
  • Cooler-climate (San Antonio, Casablanca, Limarí and Elqui)
  • Fresh black fruit, pepper and cloves
  • Higher acidity
  • Warmer-climate (Colchagua Valley)
  • More intense, riper black fruit
  • Fuller-body
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30
Q

Grape Varieties - Pinot Noir
What is the trend in plantings? What is the typical style produced? (regions, aromas, alcohol)

A
  • Strongly increasing
  • Cooler areas (Casablanca and San Antonio)
  • Red fruits with herbal characters
  • Medium to high alcohol
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31
Q

Grape Varieties - Sauvignon Blanc
What are two general areas where it is grown and what is the typical style? (aromas, acidity, quality, lees, oak)

A
  • Cooler areas (Limarí, Casablanca and San Antonio):
  • Citrus to tropical flavors with wet stones or herbaceous notes
  • High acidity
  • Very good quality
  • Some use lees contact and oak ageing
  • Central Valley:
  • Large amounts of good quality, inexpensive Sauvignon Blanc
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32
Q

Grape Varieties - Chardonnay
What are two general areas where it is grown and what is the typical style? (aromas, acidity, quality, oak)

A
  • Cool coastal areas (Limarí):
  • Citrus and stone fruit
  • Medium(+) to high acidity
  • Very good quality
  • Central Calley:
  • Large amounts of inexpensive Chardonnay
  • Ripe tropical fruit
  • Both oaked or unoaked
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33
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
What is the hierarchy of the appellation system? (incl. examples)

A
  • Regional DO (Denominacione de Origen) (e.g., Central Valley)
  • Sub-region (e.g., Rapel Valley)
  • Zone (e.g., Colchagua)
  • Area (e.g., Apalta)
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34
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
What new set of designations was introduced in 2011? Why?

A
  • Because diversity between east and west is much higher than north/south
  • Split in 3 set:
  • Costa (areas influenced by coast)
  • Andes (areas influenced by mountains)
  • Entre Cordilleras (areas in between)
  • Labeling: e.g., Maipo Andes
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35
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
What requirements are there to require for DO status with respect to regional and varietal labeling and min alcohol levels

A
  • Regional: min 75% from that region (85% if exported to EU)
  • Varietal: min 75% from that variety (85% if exported to EU)
  • Min 11.5% abv
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36
Q

Wine Law and Regulations
What are additional labeling terms regarding alcohol and oak ageing and how are they used?

A
  • Reserva: min 12% abv
  • Reserva Especial: min 12% abv
  • Reserva Privada: min 12.5% abv, min 6 months in oak
  • Gran Reserva: min 12.5% abv, min 6 months in oak
  • Some producers use these terms to distinguish their wines, many do not use them
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37
Q

What are the four main wine growing regions? (from north to south)

A
  • Coquimbo
  • Aconcagua
  • Central Valley
  • Southern
38
Q

Coquimbo
What are the three DOs?

A
  • Elqui
  • Limarí
  • Choapa
39
Q

Coquimbo
Describe climatic influences and their effect on grape growing

A
  • Low latitude
  • High summer temps and intense sunlight
  • Cooling influence from mountains and Pacific
  • Morning fog and cooling breezes through Humboldt Current
  • -> delay fruit ripening and produce intense fruit, balanced by fresh acidity
  • Alcohol levels can be high
40
Q

Coquimbo
What is the rainfall and what does that mean for irrigation? What is a threat?

A
  • Very little or no rainfall (down to 100mm)
  • Irrigation is essential
  • Lower snowfall through climate change is a threat
41
Q

Coquimbo
What do the difficult growing conditions mean for the final wines?

A
  • Small production
  • Premium prices
42
Q

Coquimbo - Elqui Valley
Where is it located and what are climatic influences?

A
  • Very far north
  • Region follows the River Elqui
  • Lack of coastal mountains -> morning fog can reach further inland
43
Q

Coquimbo - Elqui Valley
What grape varieties do well in the areas affected by fog?

A
  • Syrah and Sauvignon Blanc
  • Cooling influence leads to high acidity and fresh fruit flavors
44
Q

Coquimbo - Elqui Valley
Where are more extreme vineyards located and what varieties do well?

A
  • Highest vineyards at up to 2,200m at the eastern end of the valley
  • Very intense sunlight and wide diurnal range
  • Deep-colored, intensely fruit flavored and fresh Syrah wines
  • Other Rhône varieties and Malbec also planted
45
Q

Coquimbo - Limarí Valley
Where is the region and where are vineyards located and what are climatic influences based on the location?

A
  • 100km south of Elqui
  • Along the Limarí River
  • Steep valley through the coastal mountains
  • West: cooled by morning fog and cool breezes from Pacific and valley cut
  • East: foothills of the Andes at 1,500m and higher -> cooling influence through altitude
46
Q

Coquimbo - Limarí Valley
What is the soil and what effect does it have?

A
  • Pockets of calcareous soils (unusual for Chile)
  • Retain moisture well
  • Very useful against drought
47
Q

Coquimbo - Limarí Valley
What is the most planted white, what the most successful black variety? What other varieties are grown?

A
  • Chardonnay (most planted)
  • Syrah (most successful red wine)
  • both in a range of styles along the valley (lighter, fresher west; fuller, riper east)
  • Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenere
48
Q

Aconcagua
What are the three important sub-regions?

A
  • Aconcagua Valley
  • Casablanca Valley
  • San Antonio Valley
49
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
What is the difference in climate between the central part and the vineyards along the Pacific?

A
  • Central part: hot and dry
  • Pacific: Some of Chile’s coolest vineyards, with white wine production dominating
50
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
What newly introduced distinction between vineyards becomes especially clear here?

A

Andes, Entre Cordilleras and Costa sub-divisions

51
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
Describe the climate, climatic influences, and rainfall in the central part

A
  • Warm and dry
  • Moderated by afternoon breezes from the coast
  • Rainfall is low (250mm)
  • Irrigation is essential
52
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
What varieties and type of wines are produced in the central part of the valley? (aromas, body, tannin, alcohol, varieties)

A
  • Ripe fruit
  • Full body
  • High tannins
  • High alcohol
  • Mostly from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
  • Plantings of Syrah and Carmenere are increasing
53
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
Where do producers go in the central part of the valley to produce a more elegant style? Describe the style (aromas, alcohol, price)

A
  • Cooler sites at the eastern and western ends of the valley
  • Fresher, more complex wines
  • Lower alcohol
  • Smaller-volume
  • Mid- to premium priced
54
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
What are climatic influences in Aconcagua Costa and what varieties are used?

A
  • Morning fogs and ocean breezes
  • Ideal for producing fresh white wines
  • Particularly from Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay
  • Also Pinot Noir and cool-climate style Syrah
55
Q

Aconcagua - Aconcagua Valley
What are climatic influences in Aconcagua Andes and what type of wines does it produce?

A
  • Vineyards at up to 1,000m
  • Sunny and warm days
  • Cold air from mountains at night
  • Large diurnal range
  • Red wines with pronounced ripe fruit flavors, balanced by fresh acidity
56
Q

Aconcagua - Casablanca Valley
Where are vineyards located and what are the major climatic influences? What is a problem?

A
  • Low hills to the west let cooling ocean breezes through
  • Higher hills to the north and east restrict cool, humid air from escaping
  • -> one of Chile’s coolest wine-producing regions
  • The more west and low, the cooler the climate
  • -> Spring frost can be a problem
57
Q

Aconcagua - Casablanca Valley
What are the most planted varieties and what is the typical price level?

A
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot (red berry and herbs)
  • Syrah (with spicy, peppery aromas from warmer, sheltered sites)
  • Mid- to premium-priced (due to small production)
58
Q

Aconcagua - San Antonio Valley
Where is it located and what is the major climatic influence?

A
  • South of Casablanca Valley
  • Heavily influenced the ocean
59
Q

Aconcagua - San Antonio Valley
What is the most important variety? Describe its characteristics (aromas, acidity, body) and name 3 other varieties grown.

A
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Citrus fruit, herbaceous notes, sometimes wet stones
  • High acidity
  • Medium body
  • Other varieties
  • Pinot Noir, Syrah and Chardonnay
60
Q

Aconcagua - Leyda Valley
Where is it located, what is special about this region (incl. influences on grape growing), and what are the main varieties?

A
  • Within San Antonio Valley
  • Combination of foggy mornings, cool breezes and bright afternoon sunshine
  • Grapes ripen while retaining acidity
  • Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Syrah
61
Q

Central Valley
Describe the climatic influences, soil, and what types of wines are generally produced here

A
  • Largely sheltered from maritime influences by the coastal ranges
  • Grapes are on warm, fertile, well-irrigated plains
  • Perfect for producing ripe, fruity, inexpensive red wines (successful on export market)
62
Q

Central Valley
Where do producers go to get more complex and elegant wines? What effect does it have on the price?

A
  • Valley sides, either Andean foothills or close to the Pacific
  • Only suitable for small production, so wines reach premium or even super-premium levels
63
Q

Central Valley
What are the four sub-regions?

A
  • Maipo Valley
  • Rapel Valley
  • Curicó Valley
  • Maule Valley
64
Q

Central Valley - Maipo Valley
What is the climate and climatic influences?

A
  • Sheltered from maritime influence by coastal ranges
  • Warm and sunny growing conditions
65
Q

Central Valley - Maipo Valley
What grape variety is the region known for and what is the typical style? (intensity, aromas, tannins, quality, price)

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Intense aromas of cassis and often a minty character
  • High but soft tannins
  • Good to very good quality
  • Inexpensive to mid-priced
66
Q

Central Valley - Maipo Valley
What other grapes are used to produce high-quality wines? What varieties are used for inexpensive wines?

A
  • Very-good quality
  • Carmenere
  • Syrah
  • Inexpensive
  • Merlot
67
Q

Central Valley - Maipo Valley
Where are producers increasingly planting vineyards? Describe the altitude and climatic influences. What varieties and in what style are typically grown? (quality and price)

A
  • Vineyards increasingly at high altitude (up to 1,000m)
  • At the eastern end of the valley (called “Alto Maipo”)
  • Cool nights and high diurnal range
  • Fresher, more elegant styles of wine, mainly Cabernet Sauvignon and Bordeaux-style blends
  • Very good and outstanding quality wines for super-premium prices
68
Q

Central Valley - Rapel Valley
Why is the name rarely used and what are the two sub-zones?

A
  • Because it is sub-divided into two sub-zones
  • Cachapoal Valley
  • Colchagua Valley
69
Q

Central Valley - Rapel Valley - Cachapoal Valley
What are the climatic influences and soil? What types of wines from what grapes are produced?

A
  • Warmer as largely cut off from maritime influences by the coastal ranges
  • Warm, fertile valley floor
  • Large volumes of inexpensive red wine
  • Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere and Syrah
70
Q

Central Valley - Rapel Valley - Cachapoal Valley
What wines does the area around Peumo produce?

A
  • Very good, full-bodied, concentrated Carmenere
  • Sheltered from cold weather from the Andes
  • However, winds from the coast
  • -> Long, warm growing season for late-ripening Carmenere
71
Q

Central Valley - Rapel Valley - Cachapoal Valley
Where are highest quality Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grown?

A

Cooler eastern end of the valley in the Andean foothills

72
Q

Central Valley - Rapel Valley - Colchagua Valley
Describe the two very different styles of wines produced and where they are produced

A
  • Warm, fertile central part: large volumes of inexpensive, full-bodied, fruity red wines
  • Cooler and/or less fertile areas: some of Chile’s finest-quality and most expensive wines
73
Q

Central Valley - Rapel Valley - Colchagua Valley
Describe two further locations of vineyards and what grapes are grown there

A
  • Most western end (fully exposed to influence from coast): Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
  • Further inland, just east of coastal ranges (warmer but influence from coastal breezes): Syrah and Carmenere
74
Q

Central Valley - Curicó Valley
Where are vineyards planted? How are they supplied with water and what types of wines is the region known for? (incl. grape varieties)

A
  • Warm, fertile soil
  • Irrigation water from rivers
  • Inexpensive, high-volume red wines
  • Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot and Chardonnay
75
Q

Central Valley - Maule Valley
What was it traditionally known for and what is it developing towards?

A
  • High volumes of inexpensive wines from warm, fertile sites in the central part of the valley
  • Very good quality red wines, from dry-farmed vineyards and old vines
76
Q

Central Valley - Maule Valley
From what varieties do 100-200y old bush vines exist and what type of wines does the black variety produce? (color, aromas, acidity, body, tannins, quality)

A
  • País and Muscat of Alexandria
  • Pale color
  • Strawberry and raspberry, often spicy or herbal notes
  • Medium acidity
  • Medium body
  • Low to medium(-) tannins
  • Good and very good quality
77
Q

Central Valley - Maule Valley
What other black variety, besides País does Maule has significant old bush vine plantings of (where)? Describe the general style (aromas, acidity, tannins, quality, price)

A
  • Carignan
  • Area of Cauquenes in the south, near the coast
  • Raspberry, cherry and black plum fruit, often with spicy notes
  • Medium(+) to high acidity
  • Medium(+) to high tannins
  • Very good quality
  • Premium priced
78
Q

Central Valley - Maule Valley
What other varieties, besides País, Muscat of Alexandria, and Carignan, are grown?

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Merlot
  • Carmenere
79
Q

Southern Region
What are the three sub-regions (from north to south)

A
  • Itata Valley
  • Bío Bío Valley
  • Malleco Valley
80
Q

Southern Region
What are the climatic influences, rainfall, and what risks and effects for grape growing result from it?

A
  • Fewer coastal hills further south -> influence from Pacific
  • Higher latitude (36°–38°S) -> longer days for ripening
  • Cooler and wetter climate (summer temps not too hot)
  • Rainfall 1,000mm
  • Fungal disease can be a problem
  • Mitigated through ocean breezes and canopy management
81
Q

Southern Region - Itata Valley
What was it previously known for and what is currently happening?

A
  • One of Chile’s oldest wine-producing regions
  • Mainly very cheap grapes for blending
  • Now: many leading producers purchase or establish vineyards
82
Q

Southern Region - Itata Valley
By what type of vines is it dominated (%) and what varieties are they?

A
  • Old bush vines (> 75% if plantings)
  • Muscat of Alexandria
  • País (high-quality, distinctive wines; dry-farmed)
  • Cinsault
83
Q

Southern Region - Itata Valley
Describe the typical style of Cinsault from old bush vines (aromas, acidity, alcohol, quality)

A
  • Red and black fruit flavors with liquorice notes and a saline edge
  • Fresh acidity
  • Medium alcohol
  • Good to very good quality
84
Q

Southern Region - Itata Valley
What other varieties (besides existing bush vines) are increasingly planted by newcomers?

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Noir
  • Merlot
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
85
Q

Southern Region - Bío Bío Valley
Describe the two different types of vineyards and varieties grown

A
  • Dry-farmed, old bush vines with traditional varieties:
  • e.g., País
  • Rise in modern vineyards with international varieties:
  • Pinot Noir
  • Chardonnay
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Riesling
  • Gewurztraminer
86
Q

Southern Region - Malleco Valley
What is the climate and what varieties are grown here?

A
  • Cool climate
  • High acidity
  • Early ripening varieties
  • Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir
87
Q

Wine Business
How much wine does it export compared to other nations worldwide? What types of wines are mainly exported? What is the current trend?

A
  • 4th place
  • Low avg. value
  • Promoting higher-priced wines for export
88
Q

Wine Business
What are main export markets?

A
  • China (trade agreement)
  • USA
  • Japan (trade agreement)
89
Q

Wine Business
What businesses are mainly invovled in production of wine?

A
  • 80% of production through 4 companies
  • Concha y Toro, Santa Rita, Santa Carolina and San Pedro
90
Q

Wine Business
What are two recent movements in businesses involved?

A
  • Foreign investors (e.g., Mouton or Lafite Rothschild)
  • Very small wineries emerge producing high quality wine
91
Q

Wine Business
What is the domestic wine consumption and what does that mean for exports?

A
  • LOW
  • Roughly 20-30% of production
  • Exports are VERY important

WSET Level 4 - D3 (56 decks)

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