Urology Flashcards
What are hyaline casts?
Tamm-Horsfall protein
When might you see Tamm-Horsfall protein in the urine?
After exercise, during fever or with loop diuretics
What medication can you give for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
Tolvaptan
Why do you get hypocalcaemia in chronic kidney disease?
Kidneys cant activate vitamin D or excrete phosphate, calcium is converted to calcium phosphate, which causes hyperparathyroidism
What is the first line management of symptomatic BPH?
Alpha-1 antagonists - like tamulosin (relaxed prostatic smooth muscle)
What may cause raised PSA?
prostate cancer, BPH, prostatitis, UTI, ejaculation in last 48hrs, vigorous exercise in last 48hrs, urinary retention
What is the most common cancer to develop after a renal transplant?
squamous cell carcinoma (due to T-cell suppression)
What are the drugs that commonly cause acute interstitial nephritis?
penicillin, rifampicin, NSAIDs, allopurinol, furosemide
What are the features of membranous glomerulonephropathy/nephritis?
- often associated with malignancy
- causes a nephrotic syndrome
- on microscopy: thickened basement membrane, with electron dense deposits
What is the management of membranous glomerulonephropathy?
- ACE-I or ARB
- many spontaneously resolve
- immunosuppression for severe cases: steroid + cyclophosphamide
What is henoch-schonlein purpura?
An IgA mediated small vessel vasculitis - affects the kidneys
What are the features of Henoch-Schonlein purpura?
Palpable purpuric rash, over buttocks and extensor surfaces, abdominal pain, polyarthritis, IgA nephropathy - haematuria and renal failure
What is the management of Henoch-Schonlein purpura?
- analgesia for arthralgia
- generally self limiting
- measure blood pressure and urinalysis
What are the common features of renal cell cancers?
Haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, pyrexia
How does CKD affect fracture risk?
CKD can mean no activation of vitamin D, so poor bone quality
