Urology

Question 1

What are the risk factors for testicular torsion?

Answer 1

Transverse lie (bell clapper deformity) + increased mobility (non fixated tunica vaginalis)

Question 2

absent cremasteric reflex

Answer 2

testicular torsion

Question 3

blue spot sign

Answer 3

torsion of appendix testis

Question 4

what is the leading cause of epidydimitis

Answer 4

STIs

Question 5

how does epididymitis present?

Answer 5

pain, swelling and erythema of testes
intact cremasteric reflex
raised inflammatory markers

Question 6

how does orchitis present

Answer 6

pain, swelling, erythema of testes

basically a more severe version of epidydimitis

Question 7

transillumination of testes

Answer 7

hydrocele (or cyst)

Question 8

bag of worms appearance

Answer 8

varicocele

Question 9

painless, non fixated testicular lump

Answer 9

spermatocele or epidydimal cyst

Question 10

what age does testicular cancer present?

Answer 10

young men (20-30s)

Question 11

what initial investigation should you do for a testicular lump

Answer 11

USS

Question 12

what symptoms are associate with stress incontinence

Answer 12

leakage on coughing, sneezing

Question 13

what are the management options for stress incontinence

Answer 13

1. pelvic floor exercises
2. Surgery = bulking agents, slings
3. duloxetine for those who do not want surgery

Question 14

how does urge incontinence present

Answer 14

increased frequency, rushing to go to the toilet, nocturia

Question 15

what are the management options for urge incontinence

Answer 15

1. lifestyle (reduce caffeine, drink water)

2. meds = tolterodine, mirabegron, desmopressin (nocturia)

Question 16

what are the management options for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 16

1. Tamsulosin (alpha blocker)

2. finasteride (5 ASA)