ophthalmology Flashcards
Painful, red eye, increased lacrimation, blurry vision
Anterior uveitis
What condition is anterior uveitis associated with
Ankylosing spondylitis
what is the management of anterior uveitis?
urgent ophthalmology review,
cycloplegics (atropine) and steroids
unilateral reduced visual acuity, pain on moving eye
optic neuritis
loss of red colour vision
optic neuritis
what condition is optic neuritis associated with
multiple sclerosis
red eye, pain, tearing, loss of vision, gritty sensation
keratitis
which bacteria causes bacterial keratitis in contact lens wearers?
pseudomonas aerguinosa or staph aureus
whats the management of bacterial keratitis?
topical quinolones and cycloplegic for pain relief
what investigation is used for keratitis?
slit lamp
what is the management of bacterial conjunctivitis?
usually self limiting but chloramphenicol can be used in severe cases
what is the management of bacterial conjunctivitis in a pregnant woman?
fusidic acid in place of chloramphenicol
deep boring pain with severe red eye
scleritis
how do you differentiate between Scleritis and episcleritis
topical vasoconstrictors such as 10% phenylephrine
Scleritis is non blanching
sudden severe painful red eye, loss of visual acuity, fixed mid dilated pupil, nausea, headache
closed angle glaucoma
what is the management of closed angle glaucoma
- urgent ophthalmology review
- pilocarpine (meiotic) + IV acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
- bilateral peripheral iridectomy once acute phase settled
sudden painless curtain like loss of vision
retinal detachment
painless flashers and floaters
retinal detachment
painful flashers or floaters
anterior uveitis
sudden painless visual loss and red hue
vitreous haemorrhage
what is the most common cuase of vitreous haemorrhage?
diabetic retinopathy
sudden painless loss of vision + stormy sunset appearance on fundoscopy
central retinal vein occlusion
sudden painless loss of vision + cherry red spot on fundoscopy
central retinal artery occlusion
what is the management of cataracts?
phacoemulsification
slow onset tunnel vision
open angle glaucoma
what sign is most commonly seen on fundoscopy in open angle glaucoma
disc cupping
what drugs can be used to manage open angle glaucoma
latanoprost, timolol, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, meiotic, sympathomimetics
what are the two mechanisms of action of the drugs used to manage open angle glaucoma
- reduce aqueous production: b-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,
- increase uveoscleral outflow: prostaglandin analogues (latanoprost), sympathomimetic (brimonidine)
- constriction of pupil and opening of trabecular meshwork (meiotic (pilocarpine)
bilateral subacute fluctuating visual loss, often worse at night
age related macular degeneration
what finding is commonly seen in dry AMDR
drusen
what finding is commonly seen in wet AMDR
new vessel formation
what is the investigation of choice for AMDR
slit lamp microscopy
what is the management for wet AMDR
anti VEGF, laser photocoagulation
dot and blot haemorrhages, cotton wool spots and tortuous vessels
diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy
AV nicking and copper wire appearance
hypertensive retinopathy
what is the managment of herpetic keratitis?
topical aciclovir
what nerve can be damaged in an orbital floor fracture?
infraorbital nerve
double vision, worse on looking up, numbness of the face following trauma
orbital floor fracture
ptosis and dilated pupil
third nerve palsy
ptosis and constricted pupil
horners syndrome
what is the liekly cause and management of small pus filled abscess on eyelid ( no change to vision)
sty - treat by soaking with wet flannel
what eye condition is associated with hypermetropia? and myopia?
hypermetropia = acute angle closure glaucoma
myopia = primary open angle glaucoma
