Renal Flashcards
which are the 3 nephrotic syndromes?
- minimal change
- focal segmental glomerulonephritis
- membranous nephropathy
which are the 3 nephritic syndromes?
- rapidly progressive glomerulosclerosis
- IgA nephropathy
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
how does minimal change disease present?
In children where they have evidence of oedema + renal impairment
How do you manage minimal change disease?
oral steroids
which glomerulonephritis has a high recurrence rate in renal transplant patients?
focal segmental glomerulonephritis
what is the management of focal segmental glomerulonephritis ?
steroids +/- immunosuppression
in which glomerulonephritis do you see sub epithelial immune deposits in the basement membrane, and thickening of the basement membrane?
membranous nephropathy
in which glomerulonephritis do you see spike and dome signs?
membranous nephropathy
which glomerulonephritis is associated with the PLA2R antibody?
membranous nephropathy
what are the causes of membranous nephropathy?
- infections (hep B/parasites)
- connective tissue disease (lupus)
- malignancies
- drugs (gold/penicillamine)
what is the management of membranous nephropathy?
ACEi + steroids + cyclophosphamide
which glomerulonephritis is associated with a recent (48hr) history of an upper respiratory tract infection?
IgA nephropathy
which glomerulonephritis is associated with a 2 week history of an upper respiratory tract infection?
post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
what biopsy findings can be seen in IgA nephropathy?
IgA deposits in the mesangium
IF diabetic and have microalbuminaemia what drug should the person be started on?
ACEi
In which glomerulonephritis do you find glomerular crescents?
rapidly progressive glomerulosclerosis
In which glomerulonephritis do you find tram tracks on biopsy?
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
what are the causes of rapidly progressive glomerulosclerosis ?
Endothelium damage (vasculitis)
- ANCA +ve - microscopic polyangiitis
- ANCA -ve - SLE, goodpasteurs, henoch sclein purpura
what is a known cause of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
Lupus
what is a common cause of focal segmental glomerulonephritis?
HIV
what is the triad of blood/urinalysis findings seen in acute graft rejection?
- high creatinine
- proteinuria
- pyuria (leucocytes in urine)
what is the time course and managment of acute graft rejection?
presents up to 6 months post transplant and management is with IV steroids and immunosuppressants
What is the cause of acute graft failure?
mismatched HLA (cytotoxic T cells)
what is the cause of hyper-acute graft rejection?
antibodies against ABO or HLA antigens - type 2 sensitivity reaction
what is the time course and managment of hyper-acute graft rejection?
presents within minutes to hours of transplant and the managment is removal of graft
what are the causes of chronic graft failure?
- chronic allograft nephropathy
- recurrence of original renal disease (FSGS)
when does chronic graft failure present?
more than 6 months
how does alport’s syndrome present?
- progressive renal failure
- bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
- goodpasteurs syndrome like picture
what is the cause of Alports syndrome?
X linked dominant disease caused by a defect in the gene which codes for type IV collagen resulting in an abnormal glomerular basement membrane
what are examples of loop diuretic
furosemide, bumetanide
what are examples of thiazide diuretics
Bendroflumethiazide
what are examples of thiazide like diuretics
indapamide,
what are examples of potassium sparing diuretics
spironolactone, amiloride, eplerone
