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AMK > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system causing erection

A

PS - s2/3

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2
Q

Nervous system causing ejaculation

A

Sympathetic - l1

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3
Q

causes of ED

A

SSRI, cauda equina, MS

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4
Q

Treatment of ED

A

PDE5i (viagra)

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5
Q

How do PDE5i work

A

Causes vasodilatation in penis

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6
Q

Which lobe of the prostate is enlarged in BPH

A

Median

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7
Q

Which lobe the prostate is enlarged in cancer?

A

Posterior - peripheral zone

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8
Q

Sx BPH

A

L UTI sx
Polyuria
Retention
Smooth prostate on DRE

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9
Q

Tx BPH

A

a-blockers like alfuzosin

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10
Q

What is urge incontiennce?

A

Involuntary detrusor contractions cause uncontrollable bladder emptying

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11
Q

Tx urge incontinence

A

Exercises

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12
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Increased abdominal pressure e.g. coughing/laughing causes small but frequent loss of urine

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13
Q

Tx stress incontinence

A

Duloxetine

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14
Q

Where do you find renal cell carcinomas

A

Proximal tubular epithelium - adenocarcinomas

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15
Q

Sx RCC

A

haematuria, loin pain, weight loss, anaemia

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16
Q

Spread of RCC

A

para-aortic LNs

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17
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes with RCC

A

PTh secretion and EPO secretion (polycythemia)

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18
Q

Trimethoprim MOA

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase - interacts with methotrexate

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19
Q

When should you not give trimethoprims

A

teratogenic in first trimester

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20
Q

Sx UTI

A

Polyuria and dysuria
Smelly urine

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21
Q

Cause of UTI

A

E coli

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22
Q

Ix UTI

A

Increased nitrites caused by gram neg bacteria

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23
Q

Tx UTI

A

Cystitis = trimethoprim
If pregnant = nitrofurantoin

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24
Q

Sx acute pyelonephritis

A

fever, loin pain, vomiting

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25
Q

Tx acute pyelonephritis

A

Ciprofloxacin

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26
Q

What does insulin and salbutamol do to potassium

A

Move from ECF to ICF

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27
Q

Calcium glutinate function

A

Stabilises myocardium

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28
Q

Which compounds remove potassium rom body

A

Calcium resonium
Loop diuretics

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29
Q

Pre-renal causes of AKI

A

Ischaemia and stenosis

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30
Q

Renal causes of AKI

A

Damage to kidneys - glomerulonephritis

31
Q

Post-renal causes of AKI

A

Kidney stones/BPH

32
Q

Sx AKI

A

Decreased urine output, increased K+/urea

33
Q

Which compounds have increased risk of toxicity in AKI

A

Metformin, digoxin, lithium

34
Q

Which compounds should be stopped in AKI as they worsen renal function

A

ACEi, NSAIDs, angiotensin ii blockers, diuretics, aminoglycosides

35
Q

E.g. quinolone

A

Ciprofloxacin

36
Q

Quinolones MOA

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis by DNA gyros

37
Q

C/I quinolones

A

Pregnancy/BF

38
Q

Side effects quinolones

A

Seizures, tendon damage, long QT

39
Q

Causes of prostatitis

A

UTI/STI -> e.coli or chlamydia/gonorrhoea

40
Q

Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis

A

Pelvic pain for 3+ months, -ve urine culture, pain without urinary sx

41
Q

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

gradual onset, e.coli cause

42
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis

A

Tender, boggy prostate
UTI sx, lymphadenopathy
Treat with quinolones

43
Q

Which LN does bladder cancer spread to first

A

Internal and external iliac

44
Q

At which level do the renal arteries branch from the aorta?

45
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?

46
Q

Why does alcohol cause polyuria?

A

It is a diuretic and inhibits posterior pituitary and therefore ADH secretion

47
Q

Epididymo-orchitis

A
  • Inflammation of epididymis, often caused by bacterial infection
  • Infection spreads from bladder - usually chlamydia or gonorrhoea
48
Q

idiopathic cause of epididymo-orchitis

A

amiodarone

49
Q

which structure is twisted in testicular torsion

A

spermatic cord

50
Q

mass that trans-illuminates

51
Q

why does hydrocele occur?

A

patent processus vaginalis

52
Q

Most common type of testicular cancer

53
Q

blood tests seminoma

A

AFP and HCG normal

54
Q

Types of germ cell tumours

A

teratoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma

55
Q

blood results germ cell tumour

A

AFP and HCg elevated

56
Q

AKI + harmolytic anaemia + thrombocytopenia

A

haemolytic uraemia syndrome

57
Q

what is haemolytic uraemia syndrome caused by

58
Q

Which nephrotic syndrome has high levels of C3 but not IgM

A

membranoproliferazive glomerulonephritis

59
Q

Main risk factor for renal cancer

60
Q

renal cell carcinoma lung metastases key word

A

cannonball appearance on CXR

61
Q

What is a Wilm’s tumour

A

Common in children < 5 years

  • Arises from transformation of persistent metanephric cells
62
Q

Sx Wilm’s tumour

A
  • Loin mass
  • Abdo pain
  • Haematuria
  • fever
  • HTN
  • Weight loss
63
Q

Mx Wilm’s tumour

A

Nephrectomy and radiotherapy

64
Q

Ix renal colic

65
Q

treatment for simple lower UTI in women

A

3 days trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

66
Q

treatment for UTI in men or pregnant women

A

Nitrofuranoitn 7 days

67
Q

Grading system for prostate cancer

68
Q

FIGO staging system

A

gynaecological cancer

69
Q

how do you treat chronic prostatitis

A

trimethoprim for 4 weeks

70
Q

how to treat acute bacterial prostatitis

A

ciprofloxacin for 2 weeks

71
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

phenotypically female but inside have testes

72
Q

pre-disposing factor for testicular torsion

A

bell-clapper deformity

73
Q

Treatment for persistent haematuria

AMK (33 decks)

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