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AMK > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Opacification of lens

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2
Q

Sx cataracts

A

Painless loss of vision
Haloes around light
Difficulty reading
Blurry vision

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3
Q

treatment of cataracts

A

replace lens

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4
Q

pathophys of diabetic retinopathy

A

Continuous hyperglycaemia damages blood vessels and leads to symptoms

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5
Q

symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Hard exudates
  • Microaneurysms
  • Blot haemorrhages
  • Cotton wool spots
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6
Q

pathophys of retinal artery occlusion

A

ophthalmic artery occlusion by atherosclerosis

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7
Q

sx retinal artery occlusion

A

pale retina
cherry red spot
RAPD
Sudden painless loss of vision

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8
Q

tx retinal artery occlusion

A

urgent referral to ophthalmology

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9
Q

optic vein occlusion pathophys

A

thrombus blocks optic vein drainage of eye = sudden, painless loss of vision

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10
Q

optic vein occlusion sx

A

sudden, painless loss of vision
haemorrhages
neovascularisation
macular/optic disc oedema

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11
Q

tx optic vein occlusion

A

ophthalmology referral

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12
Q

what is posterior vitreous detachment

A

vitreous gel comes away from retina as we age

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13
Q

sx posterior vitreous detachment

A

painless loss of spots of vision, floaters and flashes

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14
Q

pilocarpine function

A

pupillary constriction

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15
Q

tropicamide function

A

pupillary dilatation

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16
Q

what is retinal detachment?

A

retina separates from choroid allowing jelly to get behind it

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17
Q

sx retinal detachment

A

curtain falling = sudden loss of vision
floaters/flashes
pale grey area of retina ballooning forwards

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18
Q

tx retinal detachment

A

surgeeu

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19
Q

pathophys vitreous haemorrhage

A

bleeding into vitreous humour

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20
Q

sx vitreous haemorrhage

A

cobwebs
floaters
invisible retina if severe

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21
Q

treatment vitreous haemorrhage

A

treat cause

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22
Q

pathophys optic neuropathy

A

optic nerve loses blood supply

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23
Q

sx ischemia optic neuropathy

A

monocular vision loss, colour blindness and pale optic disc if chronic

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24
Q

treatment ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

treat cause

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25
Q

macular degeneration

A

age-related degeneration of macula

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26
Q

sx macular degeneration

A

Drusen = dry
well-demarcated red patches = wet
both have decreased visual acuity, loss of central vision and straight lines appear wavy

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27
Q

treatment macular degeneration

A

dry: ophthalmology
wet: anti-VEGF

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28
Q

herpes keratitis pathophy

A

HSV infects cornea

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29
Q

sx herpes keratitis

A

vesicles around eye
photophobia
fluorescein stain

30
Q

tx herpes keratitis

A

ophthalmology and aciclovir

31
Q

Sx sclerosis

A

abnormal pupil reaction to light
watery eyes
photophobia

32
Q

tx scleritis

A

treat cause
NSAIDs

33
Q

anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of uvea (iris + ciliary body + choroid) → autoimmune (HLA-B27) associations

34
Q

sx anterior uveitis

A
  • Hypopynon
  • Flashes
  • Floaters
  • Abnormally-shaped pupil
35
Q

corneal abrasion

A

Foreign body sensation + fluorescein stain

36
Q

subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

Blood vessel rupture causing painless red eye

37
Q

Episcleritis

A

Inflammation of episclera - associations with RA and IBD

Sx:

  • Patches of redness
  • Foreign body sensation

Tx:

  • Normally self-resolves
38
Q

conjunctivitis sx

A
  • Itching
  • Red eyes
  • Discharge
39
Q

conjunctivitis tx

A

chloramphenicol

40
Q

hypertensive retinopathy sx

A
  • Silver wiring
  • Hard exudates
  • Papilloedema
41
Q

periorbital cellulitis sx and tx

A

Skin infection in the skin overlying orbital septum

Sx: swollen, red eye skin

Tx is ABx

42
Q

orbital cellulitis

A

nflammation around eyeball and painful eye movements

Refer to ophthalmology

43
Q

stye sx and tx

A

Infection of glands of Zeis

Sx:

  • Red, hot raised lump and pain

Tx: hot compress and analgesia

44
Q

what is retinitis pigmentosa

A

Autosomal dominant degeneration of rods > cones = night blindness

45
Q

sx retinitis pigmentosa

A
  • Night blindness
  • Peripheral > central loss of vision
  • Bone-spicule pigmentation
46
Q

argyll-robertson pupil

A
  • Neurosyphilis
  • Constricted pupil accommodates when focussing on object but no reaction to light
  • Irregularly shaped pupils
47
Q

holmes adie pupil

A
  • Damage to post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres
  • Slow constriction in bright light
48
Q

open angle glaucoma

A

iris bulges forward and seals off anterior chamber - optic cup >0.5 size of optic disc

49
Q

sx open angle glaucoma

A

loss of peripheral vision
haloes around light
Goldmann tanometry

50
Q

sx open angle glaucoma

A

loss of peripheral vision
haloes around light
Goldmann tanometry

51
Q

tx open angle glaucoma

A

latanoprost
timolol
trabeculectomy

52
Q

closed angle glaucoma

A

increased pressure in posterior chamber pushes iris forward = closed angle

53
Q

sx closed angle glaucoma

A

haloes around light
dilated, non-reacting pupils

54
Q

tx closed angle glaucoma

A

refer to ophthalmology
lie pt back without a pillow
pilocarpine

55
Q

most common cause of painless vision loss

A

retinal vein occlusion

56
Q

flame haemorrhages

A

retinal vein occlusion

57
Q

is orbital or peri orbital cellulitis worse

A

orbital - ophthalmological emergency, pain on eye movement

58
Q

what is a stye?

A

infected gland of Zeis - red, hot, raised lump and pain

59
Q

what would ‘cobwebs and floaters’ indicate?

A

vitreous haemorrhage

60
Q

reasons for sudden, painless LOV

A

vitreous haemorrhage
vitreous detachment
retinal detachment
RA occlusion
RV occlusion
ischaemic optic neuropathy

61
Q

what is ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

optic nerve damaged due to ischaemia

62
Q

sx ischemia optic neuropathy

A

sudden, monocular vision loss
colour blindness

63
Q

mx ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

treat cause

64
Q

lots of haemorrhages and stormy sky appearance on fundoscopy

A

ventral retinal vein occlusion

65
Q

how long does subconjunctival haemorrhage take to resolve?

A

2 week

66
Q

‘patches of well-demarcated haemorrhage in one eye with a history of consdtipation’

A

subconjunctival haemorrhage

67
Q

history of ankylosing spondylitis/ HLA B27

A

anterior uveitis

68
Q

straight lines appear bendy

A

age macular degeneration

69
Q

erythematous injected sclera with a bluish hue

A

scleritis

70
Q

latanoprost side effect

A

eyelash growth

AMK (33 decks)

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