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AMK > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Opacification of lens

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2
Q

Sx cataracts

A

Painless loss of vision
Haloes around light
Difficulty reading
Blurry vision

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3
Q

treatment of cataracts

A

replace lens

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4
Q

pathophys of diabetic retinopathy

A

Continuous hyperglycaemia damages blood vessels and leads to symptoms

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5
Q

symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Hard exudates
  • Microaneurysms
  • Blot haemorrhages
  • Cotton wool spots
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6
Q

pathophys of retinal artery occlusion

A

ophthalmic artery occlusion by atherosclerosis

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7
Q

sx retinal artery occlusion

A

pale retina
cherry red spot
RAPD
Sudden painless loss of vision

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8
Q

tx retinal artery occlusion

A

urgent referral to ophthalmology

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9
Q

optic vein occlusion pathophys

A

thrombus blocks optic vein drainage of eye = sudden, painless loss of vision

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10
Q

optic vein occlusion sx

A

sudden, painless loss of vision
haemorrhages
neovascularisation
macular/optic disc oedema

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11
Q

tx optic vein occlusion

A

ophthalmology referral

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12
Q

what is posterior vitreous detachment

A

vitreous gel comes away from retina as we age

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13
Q

sx posterior vitreous detachment

A

painless loss of spots of vision, floaters and flashes

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14
Q

pilocarpine function

A

pupillary constriction

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15
Q

tropicamide function

A

pupillary dilatation

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16
Q

what is retinal detachment?

A

retina separates from choroid allowing jelly to get behind it

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17
Q

sx retinal detachment

A

curtain falling = sudden loss of vision
floaters/flashes
pale grey area of retina ballooning forwards

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18
Q

tx retinal detachment

A

surgeeu

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19
Q

pathophys vitreous haemorrhage

A

bleeding into vitreous humour

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20
Q

sx vitreous haemorrhage

A

cobwebs
floaters
invisible retina if severe

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21
Q

treatment vitreous haemorrhage

A

treat cause

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22
Q

pathophys optic neuropathy

A

optic nerve loses blood supply

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23
Q

sx ischemia optic neuropathy

A

monocular vision loss, colour blindness and pale optic disc if chronic

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24
Q

treatment ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

treat cause

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25
macular degeneration
age-related degeneration of macula
26
sx macular degeneration
Drusen = dry well-demarcated red patches = wet both have decreased visual acuity, loss of central vision and straight lines appear wavy
27
treatment macular degeneration
dry: ophthalmology wet: anti-VEGF
28
herpes keratitis pathophy
HSV infects cornea
29
sx herpes keratitis
vesicles around eye photophobia fluorescein stain
30
tx herpes keratitis
ophthalmology and aciclovir
31
Sx sclerosis
abnormal pupil reaction to light watery eyes photophobia
32
tx scleritis
treat cause NSAIDs
33
anterior uveitis
Inflammation of uvea (iris + ciliary body + choroid) → autoimmune (HLA-B27) associations
34
sx anterior uveitis
- Hypopynon - Flashes - Floaters - Abnormally-shaped pupil
35
corneal abrasion
Foreign body sensation + fluorescein stain
36
subconjunctival haemorrhage
Blood vessel rupture causing painless red eye
37
Episcleritis
Inflammation of episclera - associations with RA and IBD Sx: - Patches of redness - Foreign body sensation Tx: - Normally self-resolves
38
conjunctivitis sx
- Itching - Red eyes - Discharge
39
conjunctivitis tx
chloramphenicol
40
hypertensive retinopathy sx
- Silver wiring - Hard exudates - Papilloedema
41
periorbital cellulitis sx and tx
Skin infection in the skin overlying orbital septum Sx: swollen, red eye skin Tx is ABx
42
orbital cellulitis
nflammation around eyeball and painful eye movements Refer to ophthalmology
43
stye sx and tx
Infection of glands of Zeis Sx: - Red, hot raised lump and pain Tx: hot compress and analgesia
44
what is retinitis pigmentosa
Autosomal dominant degeneration of rods > cones = night blindness
45
sx retinitis pigmentosa
- Night blindness - Peripheral > central loss of vision - Bone-spicule pigmentation
46
argyll-robertson pupil
- Neurosyphilis - Constricted pupil accommodates when focussing on object but no reaction to light - Irregularly shaped pupils
47
holmes adie pupil
- Damage to post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres - Slow constriction in bright light
48
open angle glaucoma
iris bulges forward and seals off anterior chamber - optic cup >0.5 size of optic disc
49
sx open angle glaucoma
loss of peripheral vision haloes around light Goldmann tanometry
50
sx open angle glaucoma
loss of peripheral vision haloes around light Goldmann tanometry
51
tx open angle glaucoma
latanoprost timolol trabeculectomy
52
closed angle glaucoma
increased pressure in posterior chamber pushes iris forward = closed angle
53
sx closed angle glaucoma
haloes around light dilated, non-reacting pupils
54
tx closed angle glaucoma
refer to ophthalmology lie pt back without a pillow pilocarpine
55
most common cause of painless vision loss
retinal vein occlusion
56
flame haemorrhages
retinal vein occlusion
57
is orbital or peri orbital cellulitis worse
orbital - ophthalmological emergency, pain on eye movement
58
what is a stye?
infected gland of Zeis - red, hot, raised lump and pain
59
what would 'cobwebs and floaters' indicate?
vitreous haemorrhage
60
reasons for sudden, painless LOV
vitreous haemorrhage vitreous detachment retinal detachment RA occlusion RV occlusion ischaemic optic neuropathy
61
what is ischaemic optic neuropathy?
optic nerve damaged due to ischaemia
62
sx ischemia optic neuropathy
sudden, monocular vision loss colour blindness
63
mx ischaemic optic neuropathy
treat cause
64
lots of haemorrhages and stormy sky appearance on fundoscopy
ventral retinal vein occlusion
65
how long does subconjunctival haemorrhage take to resolve?
2 week
66
'patches of well-demarcated haemorrhage in one eye with a history of consdtipation'
subconjunctival haemorrhage
67
history of ankylosing spondylitis/ HLA B27
anterior uveitis
68
straight lines appear bendy
age macular degeneration
69
erythematous injected sclera with a bluish hue
scleritis
70
latanoprost side effect
eyelash growth

AMK (33 decks)

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