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Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is von Willebrand’s disease

A

A disease characterised by a lack of vWF, which leads to a reduced life of factor 8

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2
Q

Sx von Willebrand’s disease

A

Sx include epistaxis and menorrhagia but many people are asymptomati

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3
Q

Mx von Willebrand’s disease

A

TXA and COCP

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4
Q

Sx haemophilia

A

haematoma, haemarthrosis, melaena

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5
Q

Inheritance pattern of haemophilia

A

X-linked recessive

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6
Q

Mx haemophilia

A

Give deficiency factor and reduce bleeding risk (no NSAIDs or IM injections

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7
Q

Difference between haemophilia A and B

A

A is deficient factor 8, B is 9

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8
Q

blood results for haemophilia

A

Long APTT but everything else normal

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9
Q

What kind of anaemia is anaemia of CKD?

A

Normocytic and normochromic

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10
Q

Why does CKD give you anaemia?

A

Reduced EPO means no RBC made

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11
Q

Is there raised reticulocyte count in anaemia of CKD?

A

No

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12
Q

Mx anaemia of chronic kidney disease

A

Treat underlying disorder or give synthetic EPO in CKD

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13
Q

Causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

FOlic acid/b12 deficiency

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14
Q

Causes of folic acid deficiency

A

Coeliac, pregnancy

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15
Q

How do you treat megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

Supplement deficiency vitamin

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16
Q

In which order should you give folate and b12 supplements?

A

B12 then folate

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17
Q

What do folic acid and b12 normally do

A

mature and condense RBC DNA = large immature cells

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18
Q

causes of b12 deficiency

A

gastrectomy
coeliac
number 1 is pernicious anaemia

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19
Q

What is pernicious anaemia

A

autoimmune destruction of parietal cells = no IF

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20
Q

treatment for pernicious anaemia

A

tydroxycobalamin

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21
Q

sx b12 deficiency

A

damage to dorsal columns = peripheral neuropathy

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22
Q

causes of normoblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

alcohol, pregnancy, myeloma, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis

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23
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-dsDNA?

A

SLE

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24
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-mitochondrial antibodies?

A

primary biliary sclerosis

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25
With which disease would you associate anti-smooth muscle antibodies
chronic hepatitis
26
With which disease would you associate pANCA
ulcerative colitis
27
With which disease would you associate anti-transglutaminase antibodies
coeliac
28
With which disease would you associate anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies
Sjogren's
29
CHICAGO causes of splenomegaly
``` cancer haematological malignancies - anaemia, leukaemia, lymphoma infections - HIV, TB, malaria, EBV congestion - portal hypertension autoimmune (SLE and RA) glycogen storage disorders other - amyloidosis and sarcoidosis ```
30
From which cells do giant cells originate
Macrophages
31
Microcytic anaemia associated with decreased ferritin levels
Iron deficiency anaemia
32
Causes of iron deficiency anaemia
Mal-absorption (PPIs) Poor diet Blood loss
33
Tx iron deficiency anaemia
Ferrius sulphate
34
What type of anaemia is anaemia of chronic diseasw
Microcytic anaemia + normal/high ferritin
35
Blood test results for anaemia of chronic disease
Normal/high ferritin and raised CRP
36
What type of anaemia is sideroblastic anaemia?
Microcytic + normal/high ferritin
37
Cause of sideroblastic anaemia
Anti-TB drugs and lead poisoning
38
What kind of anaemia is thalassaemia?
Microcytic + high/normal ferritin
39
what kind of anaemia is aplastic anaemia?
normocytic with low/normal reticulocytes
40
sx aplastic anaemia
pancytopenia | it is a symptom of ALL and AML
41
Causes of aplastic anaemia
idiopathic - benzenes, hepatitis, phenytoin | Fanconi syndrome
42
What is fanconi anaemia
skeletal abnormalities, aplastic anaemia and cafe au last spots
43
what kind of anaemia is caused by blood loss
normocytic with high reticulocytes
44
what kind of anaemia is haemolytic anaemia
normocytic with high reticulocytes
45
blood results of haemolytic anaemia
high lactate dehydrogenase, reticulocytes and bilirubin
46
causes of intravascular haemolytic anaemia
mechanical heart valve | TTP, G6PD deficiency
47
Signs of G6PD deficiency
Heinz bodies = inflexible RBCs
48
causes of extravascular haemolytic anaemia
sickle cell, spherocytosis
49
what is spherocytosis
Defective RBCs are spherical - they can obstruct spleen and cause vaso-occulative crisis
50
test for spherocytosis
Coombs
51
function of thrombopoeitin
stimulate platelet creation
52
does prothrombin measure intrinsic or extrinsic system
extrinsic
53
which system does aPTT measure
intrinsic
54
Dabigatran MOA
inhibits thrombin
55
What does thrombin normally do?
Convert fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot
56
How do you reverse dabigatran
idarucizumab
57
TXA MOA
inhibits plasminogen (used in menorrhagia)
58
Plasminogen MOA
plasminogen -> plasmin -> breaks down clot
59
rivaroxaban/apixaban MOA
inhibit factor 10 a
60
What does 10a normally do?
activate thrombin
61
what temp should RBCs be kept at before infusion
4c
62
Why is irradiated blood goof?
no t-lymphocytes
63
where does the tip of the tongue drain to
submental LNs
64
Which structures drain to the para-aortic LNs
testes/ovaries, kidneys, adrenal glands
65
Which structures drain to the superficial inguinal LNs
``` anal canal below pectinate line scrotum glans penis vagina perineum skin of thigh ```
66
which structures drain to deep inguinal LNs
glans penis
67
which structures drain to the axillary Lns
breast and upper limb
68
which structures drain to the superior mesenteric LNs
jejunum and duodenum
69
which structured drain to the internal iliac LNs
cervix, anal canal above pectinate line, lower rectum
70
MOA GVHD
T cells in donor tissue mount immune response against host cells
71
What type of hypersensitivity is GVHD
4
72
tx GVHD
steroids
73
acute GVHD
<100 days of transplant, painful and macropapular rash, jaundice, D/N/V
74
chronic GVHD
>100 days of transplant, conjunctivitis, dysphagia, ulcers, lung disease, skin irritation
75
TTP
Deficiency of ADAMTS13 (normally cleaves vWF) results in large clumps of vWF which causes clumps of platelets
76
Sx TTP
fever, haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure
77
causes TTP
UTI, pregnancy, COCP, acyclovir, SLE, HIV
78
what is likely to be found in LN if sarcoidosis
asteroid bodies
79
sickle cell Hb
HbS HbS
80
anti-coagulant to use in pregnancy if at high risk of VTE
LMWH

AMK (33 decks)

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