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AMK > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is von Willebrand’s disease

A

A disease characterised by a lack of vWF, which leads to a reduced life of factor 8

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2
Q

Sx von Willebrand’s disease

A

Sx include epistaxis and menorrhagia but many people are asymptomati

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3
Q

Mx von Willebrand’s disease

A

TXA and COCP

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4
Q

Sx haemophilia

A

haematoma, haemarthrosis, melaena

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5
Q

Inheritance pattern of haemophilia

A

X-linked recessive

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6
Q

Mx haemophilia

A

Give deficiency factor and reduce bleeding risk (no NSAIDs or IM injections

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7
Q

Difference between haemophilia A and B

A

A is deficient factor 8, B is 9

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8
Q

blood results for haemophilia

A

Long APTT but everything else normal

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9
Q

What kind of anaemia is anaemia of CKD?

A

Normocytic and normochromic

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10
Q

Why does CKD give you anaemia?

A

Reduced EPO means no RBC made

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11
Q

Is there raised reticulocyte count in anaemia of CKD?

A

No

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12
Q

Mx anaemia of chronic kidney disease

A

Treat underlying disorder or give synthetic EPO in CKD

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13
Q

Causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

FOlic acid/b12 deficiency

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14
Q

Causes of folic acid deficiency

A

Coeliac, pregnancy

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15
Q

How do you treat megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

Supplement deficiency vitamin

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16
Q

In which order should you give folate and b12 supplements?

A

B12 then folate

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17
Q

What do folic acid and b12 normally do

A

mature and condense RBC DNA = large immature cells

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18
Q

causes of b12 deficiency

A

gastrectomy
coeliac
number 1 is pernicious anaemia

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19
Q

What is pernicious anaemia

A

autoimmune destruction of parietal cells = no IF

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20
Q

treatment for pernicious anaemia

A

tydroxycobalamin

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21
Q

sx b12 deficiency

A

damage to dorsal columns = peripheral neuropathy

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22
Q

causes of normoblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

alcohol, pregnancy, myeloma, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis

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23
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-dsDNA?

A

SLE

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24
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-mitochondrial antibodies?

A

primary biliary sclerosis

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25
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-smooth muscle antibodies

A

chronic hepatitis

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26
Q

With which disease would you associate pANCA

A

ulcerative colitis

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27
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-transglutaminase antibodies

A

coeliac

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28
Q

With which disease would you associate anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies

A

Sjogren’s

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29
Q

CHICAGO causes of splenomegaly

A 
cancer
haematological malignancies - anaemia, leukaemia, lymphoma 
infections - HIV, TB, malaria, EBV
congestion - portal hypertension 
autoimmune (SLE and RA)
glycogen storage disorders 
other - amyloidosis and sarcoidosis
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30
Q

From which cells do giant cells originate

A

Macrophages

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31
Q

Microcytic anaemia associated with decreased ferritin levels

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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32
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Mal-absorption (PPIs)
Poor diet
Blood loss

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33
Q

Tx iron deficiency anaemia

A

Ferrius sulphate

34
Q

What type of anaemia is anaemia of chronic diseasw

A

Microcytic anaemia + normal/high ferritin

35
Q

Blood test results for anaemia of chronic disease

A

Normal/high ferritin and raised CRP

36
Q

What type of anaemia is sideroblastic anaemia?

A

Microcytic + normal/high ferritin

37
Q

Cause of sideroblastic anaemia

A

Anti-TB drugs and lead poisoning

38
Q

What kind of anaemia is thalassaemia?

A

Microcytic + high/normal ferritin

39
Q

what kind of anaemia is aplastic anaemia?

A

normocytic with low/normal reticulocytes

40
Q

sx aplastic anaemia

A

pancytopenia

it is a symptom of ALL and AML

41
Q

Causes of aplastic anaemia

A

idiopathic - benzenes, hepatitis, phenytoin

Fanconi syndrome

42
Q

What is fanconi anaemia

A

skeletal abnormalities, aplastic anaemia and cafe au last spots

43
Q

what kind of anaemia is caused by blood loss

A

normocytic with high reticulocytes

44
Q

what kind of anaemia is haemolytic anaemia

A

normocytic with high reticulocytes

45
Q

blood results of haemolytic anaemia

A

high lactate dehydrogenase, reticulocytes and bilirubin

46
Q

causes of intravascular haemolytic anaemia

A

mechanical heart valve

TTP, G6PD deficiency

47
Q

Signs of G6PD deficiency

A

Heinz bodies = inflexible RBCs

48
Q

causes of extravascular haemolytic anaemia

A

sickle cell, spherocytosis

49
Q

what is spherocytosis

A

Defective RBCs are spherical - they can obstruct spleen and cause vaso-occulative crisis

50
Q

test for spherocytosis

A

Coombs

51
Q

function of thrombopoeitin

A

stimulate platelet creation

52
Q

does prothrombin measure intrinsic or extrinsic system

A

extrinsic

53
Q

which system does aPTT measure

A

intrinsic

54
Q

Dabigatran MOA

A

inhibits thrombin

55
Q

What does thrombin normally do?

A

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot

56
Q

How do you reverse dabigatran

A

idarucizumab

57
Q

TXA MOA

A

inhibits plasminogen (used in menorrhagia)

58
Q

Plasminogen MOA

A

plasminogen -> plasmin -> breaks down clot

59
Q

rivaroxaban/apixaban MOA

A

inhibit factor 10 a

60
Q

What does 10a normally do?

A

activate thrombin

61
Q

what temp should RBCs be kept at before infusion

A

4c

62
Q

Why is irradiated blood goof?

A

no t-lymphocytes

63
Q

where does the tip of the tongue drain to

A

submental LNs

64
Q

Which structures drain to the para-aortic LNs

A

testes/ovaries, kidneys, adrenal glands

65
Q

Which structures drain to the superficial inguinal LNs

A 
anal canal below pectinate line
scrotum
glans penis
vagina
perineum
skin of thigh
66
Q

which structures drain to deep inguinal LNs

A

glans penis

67
Q

which structures drain to the axillary Lns

A

breast and upper limb

68
Q

which structures drain to the superior mesenteric LNs

A

jejunum and duodenum

69
Q

which structured drain to the internal iliac LNs

A

cervix, anal canal above pectinate line, lower rectum

70
Q

MOA GVHD

A

T cells in donor tissue mount immune response against host cells

71
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is GVHD

A

4

72
Q

tx GVHD

A

steroids

73
Q

acute GVHD

A

<100 days of transplant, painful and macropapular rash, jaundice, D/N/V

74
Q

chronic GVHD

A

> 100 days of transplant, conjunctivitis, dysphagia, ulcers, lung disease, skin irritation

75
Q

TTP

A

Deficiency of ADAMTS13 (normally cleaves vWF) results in large clumps of vWF which causes clumps of platelets

76
Q

Sx TTP

A

fever, haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure

77
Q

causes TTP

A

UTI, pregnancy, COCP, acyclovir, SLE, HIV

78
Q

what is likely to be found in LN if sarcoidosis

A

asteroid bodies

79
Q

sickle cell Hb

A

HbS HbS

80
Q

anti-coagulant to use in pregnancy if at high risk of VTE

A

LMWH

AMK (33 decks)

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