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Year 1 > Urogenital > Flashcards

Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

Where is spermatozoa produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

Erythropoietin is vital in the production of:

A

Red blood cells

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3
Q

The uterus in femal can be describes as:

A

Anteverted and Anteflexed

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4
Q

What does urigenital involve?

A

Reproduction and excretion

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5
Q

What are the major structures of the urinary system in mammals?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

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6
Q

What are the major structures of the reproductive system in males?

A

testes, sperm ducts, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate gland and penis

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7
Q

What are the major structures of the reproductive system in females?

A

ovaries, fibrae, fallopian tubes, uteres and vagina

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8
Q

Which kidney is lower? the right or the left

A

the right

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9
Q

What is another name for adrenal glands?

A

Suprarenal glands

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10
Q

What is the main artery running out of the kidney?

A

The right and left renal artery

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11
Q

What comes out of the kidneys and connects to the bladder?

A

The ureters

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12
Q

What comes out of the bladder?

A

Urethra

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13
Q

Where does the bifurcation of the aorta start at?

A

L4

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14
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

RIght and left iliac artery

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15
Q

What section between the renal pyramids called?

A

renal column

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16
Q

How many renal pyramids are there in a kidney?

A

12

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17
Q

what is a fibriae?

A

Collects the egg as its released from the ovaries

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18
Q

What is the cervix?

A

the opening of the vagina

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19
Q

The walls of the uterus has 3 muscular layers. What are they called?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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20
Q

Which muscular layer of the uterus does the egg implant

A

Endometrium

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21
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A
  • maintain homeostasis of solutes and water
    • Maintain endocrine function
  • Maintain blood pressure regulation
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22
Q

Homeostasis=

A
  • Maintaining total body contents at a stable and normal level, even in the face of changes in dietary intake or endogenous production rate
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23
Q

What do we need to maintain in our body?

A
  1. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)
  2. Water (osmolarity)
  3. Acid-base balance (bicarbonate, H+)
  4. Minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium)
  5. Waste materials (urea, creatinine, uric acid)
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24
Q

Examples of waste materials?

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid

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25
Q

Urea, Creatinine and uric acid are broken down from what?

A 
U= Protein
C= Muscle
U= Nucleic acids
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26
Q

What are the importance of urea, creatinine and uric acd ?

A

They measure how well our kidneys are working

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27
Q

What are the hormones the kidney produces?

A

Erythropoietin
Vitamin D
Renin

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28
Q

How does the kidney maintain blood pressure regulation?

A

Homeostasis of sodium and water, maintaining normal extracellular fluid volume

  • Control of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis (RAAS)
  • Production of vasodilatory substances (eg: nitric oxide)
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29
Q

What are the other roles of the kidney?

A
  • Catabolism of small peptide hormones, such as insulin
  • Production of glucose via gluconeogenesis during fasting
  • Elimination of many medications (so changes in kidney function
    would also alter plasma concentrations of these drugs)
  • Aid filtration of blood before it returns back to the heart
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30
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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31
Q

What is GFR?

A
  • a test used to check how well the kidneys are working

- it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute

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32
Q

How do you estimate a persons GFR?

A
  • A blood sample is taken and sent to a lab
  • In the lab, the creatinine level in the blood sample is tested.
  • Creatine is a chemical the body makes to supply energy, mainly to muscles
  • The lab specialist combines the patient’s creatinine level with several other factors to estimate the GFR
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33
Q
  • According to the National Kidney Foundation, normal results range from_____________
A

90 to 120 mL/min/1.73 m2

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34
Q

t older people will have lower GFR’s as GFR naturally reduces with age
TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

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35
Q

What is a clearance ratio?

A

t describes the rate at which substances are removed (cleared) from the plasma

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36
Q

What is renal clearance of a substance?

A

the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per

minute

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37
Q

Clearance =

A

Urine concentration x urine flow rate / Plasma concentration

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38
Q

What substances do we use for clearance ratio?

A

Inulin or creatinine

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39
Q

What do we use more for GFR? Inulin or Creatinine

A

Creatinine

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40
Q

Why do we use creatinine more for measuring GFR than inulin?

A

Because inulin you have to inject into someone whereas creatinine is already in your body

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41
Q

What is more accurate inulin or creatinine?

A

inulin

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42
Q

If clearance ratio is 1….

A

then the solute is handled like inulin and its renal

clearance is equal to GFR

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43
Q

If clearance ratio <1……

A

then this solute is filtered, but also reabsorbed (eg: sodium)

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44
Q

If clearance ratio >1….

A

then the solute is filtered, and it is actively secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid (eg: potassium)

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45
Q

If clearance ratio is 0

A

then either the solute is too large to be filtered (protein) or it is filtered and 100% reabsorbed (glucose and amino acids)

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46
Q

What are the four steps to urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular FILTRATION
  2. Tubular REABSORPTION
  3. Tubular SECRETION
  4. EXCRETION
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47
Q

What happens in Glomerular filtration

A
  • blood flows through glomerulus,
    -blood pressure pushes water and
    solutes from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule through a filtration membrane.
  • filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins.
  • Those components remain in the bloodstream. -The filtrate (the fluid that
    has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular/bowmans capsule
    further into the nephron.
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48
Q

What happens in tubular reabsorption?

A
  • The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body
    needs such as essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins.
  • When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron
    called the renal tubule.
  • As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed
    through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries.
  • This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in
    urine creation.
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49
Q

What happens in tubular secretion?

A
  • waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the
    capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion
  • The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine
  • The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct
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50
Q

What happens in excretion?

A
  • Urine passes through the collecting ducts to the renal papillae
  • Then to the minor and major calyces
  • Out the renal pelvis to the ureters
  • To the bladder
  • To the urethra and out of the body
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51
Q

What does urine composition mean ?

A

it reflects the quantities of water and solutes that the

kidney must eliminate for the body to maintain homeostasis

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52
Q

What can have an impact on urine composition?

A

Diet and acivity levels

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53
Q

What perecentage are each componenet in urine?

A
  • 95% water
  • Also has urea (2%), uric acid, trace amounts of amino acids, and
    electrolytes
54
Q

Fluid balance is dependent on…..

A

the RAAS system

55
Q

Outline the steps in RAAS system

A
  • renin is released by juxtagolmeluar cells in the kidney due to drop in blood pressure
  • angiotensinogen is produced by the liver as a result
  • this then produces angitensin I
  • this goes to the lungs
  • lungs have ACE which interact with angiotensin I
  • produces angiotensin II
  • that acts on adrenal glands
  • which produces Aldestrone
  • Aldestrone Increase cardiac output in heart
  • Aldestrone causes vasconstriction in arteries
  • increases bp
  • increases Na +H2O retention
56
Q

Renin is an….

A

enzyme

57
Q

Angiotensinogen is….

A

an inactive chemical

58
Q

How does angiotensin travel around the bodu

A

in the blood

59
Q

What does ACE stand for?

A

Angitotensin converting enzyme

60
Q

Sometimes you give ___ inhibitors to ____ bp

A

ACE

reduce

61
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

Stimulates zona glomerulosa in the attempt to increase bp by targeting nephron

62
Q

Where is ACE released from?

A

pulmonary and renal endothelium

63
Q

When does renin releases from juxtaflomerular cells?

A
  1. Drop in blood pressure
  2. Sympathetic stimuli
  3. Macula densa cells sensing decrease in chloride, potassium, and
    sodium
64
Q

Aldosterone-causes….

A

kidney to conserve sodium and excrete potassium

65
Q

In the bladder what does parasympathetic input do?

A
  • Excites the detrusor muscle
  • Leads to detrusor muscle contraction
  • Active during micturition (urination)
  • causes us to pee
66
Q

In the bladder what does sympathetic input do?

A
  • Leads to contraction of internal urethral sphincter
  • Relaxes during micturition
  • Active during storing of urine
67
Q

What type of muscle is INTERNAL urethral sphincter made up of? What control is this sphincter under?

A

smooth muscle

involuntary

68
Q

What type of muscle is EXTERNAL urethral sphincter made up of? What control is this sphincter under?

A

Skeletal muscle

voluntary control

69
Q

What does void mean?

A

to urinate

70
Q

What causes voiding generally?

A

Contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the external
urethral sphincter

71
Q

What causes voiding more specifically?

A

• Distension stimulates stretch receptors in the bladder
• Impulses are sent to the detrusor muscle from the CNS
• As bladder fills, internal pressure increases, and forces sphincter to
open
• A second reflex relaxes the sphincter unless voluntary control
maintains its contraction

72
Q

What are the erectile structures in women called?

A

bulbs of vestibule (situated either side of the vagina)

73
Q

What is the erectile mass in females?

A

Glans clitoris

74
Q

What is the external genitalia called?

A

vulva

75
Q

What forms the vulva?

A
  • The clitoris and vestibular apparatus, together with numerous skin and tissue folds
76
Q

uterus=

A

a thick muscular organ

between the bladder and the rectum which is lined with columnar epithelium

77
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cervix called?

A

Fundus
body
cervix

78
Q

Properties of the vagina

A
  • Extends from vulva to uterus
  • Angled upwards and backwards with the
    cervix projecting into the anterior wall
  • Lined with stratified non-keratinized
    epithelium
  • Fornices where cervix projects into the vagina
79
Q

What is the internal os of the vagina

A

Opening between cervical canal and main uterine

cavity

80
Q

What is the external os of the vagina

A

Opening between cervical canal and vagina

81
Q

What is Squamo-columnar junction?

A

Found at the external
os where the columnar cells of the uterus meet the
stratified epithelium of the vagina

82
Q

3 parts of the broad ligaments in female are called?

A

Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium

83
Q

Mesometrium:

A

largest, extends from ateral pelvic walls to uterus

84
Q

Mesosalpinx:

A

most superior part which suspends uterine tube

85
Q

Mesovarium:

A

posterior extension that is attached to ovary

86
Q

Round ligament of ovary:

A

posterior wall of broad ligament between ovary and the junction between the uterine tube and uterus

87
Q

Round ligament of uterus:

A

anterior wall of broad ligament and through the deep and superficial rings to each labia majus

88
Q

What is the difference between ovarian cyce and uterine cycle?

A

he ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus.

89
Q

What are the three phases in Ovarian Cycle?

A

follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

90
Q

What is follicular phase?

A

where the development of a follicle occurs (day 1 to 14) [FSH
levels high]

91
Q

What is Ovulation phase?

A

approx day 14 where a mature oocyte is released from the growing follicle. There is a massive spike in LH and a smaller peak in FSH but main hormone is LH

92
Q

What is luteal phase?

A

where menstruation would occur if pregnancy did not occur (day 15 to 28)

93
Q

Three stages of the uterine cycle are called?

A

s the proliferative and secretory phase, as well as menses

94
Q

What happens in uterine cycle? (upto ovulation)

A
  • During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich tissue lining, representing an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the
    uterus.
  • Menstrual cycles are counted from the first day of menstrual bleeding and are typically 28 days long.
  • During menstruation, the body begins to prepare for ovulation again. The levels of oestrogen gradually rise, signalling the start of the proliferative phase.
  • Ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone.
95
Q

What happens in uterine cycle? (after ovulation)

A

• After ovulation, under the influence of progesterone, the endometrium changes to a secretory lining in preparation for the potential implantation of an embryo to establish a
pregnancy.
• If a blastocyst implants, then the lining remains as the decidua. This becomes part of the placenta and provides support and protection for the embryo during gestation.
• If implantation does not occur within approximately two weeks, the progesterone- producing corpus luteum in the ovary will recede, causing sharp drops in levels of both
progesterone and oestrogen.
• This hormone decrease causes the uterus to shed its lining and the egg in menstruation.

96
Q

The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman’s reproductive period is termed______

A

Menopause

97
Q

The connection between the pouch and the anterior abdominal wall is called?

A

The spermatic cord

98
Q

What is each testis composed and surrounded by?

A

composed of seminiferous tubules and interstitial fluid and surrounded by a connective tissue capsule (aka the tunica albuginea)

99
Q
  • Anterior and lateral aspects of the testis are covered by a closed sac of
    peritoneum called the______
A

tunica vaginalis

100
Q

Where are spermatoza prodiced?

A

400-600 highly coiled seminiferous

tubules

101
Q

Sperm is stored in the_____

A

epididymis

102
Q

Sperm passes via____ ____and into the _____ ______

A

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

103
Q

The tip of the body of the penis is covered by ___ ____

A

glans penis

104
Q

What is happening in semester 1 of pregnancy? (4 weeks)

A

The brain and spinal cord have begun to form, the heart also begins to form and starts to beat. Arm and leg buds start to appear.

105
Q

What is happening in semester 1 of pregnancy? (8 weeks)

A

All major organs and external body structures have begun to form. The baby is a foetus and ‘looks’ like a human.

106
Q

What is happening in semester 1 of pregnancy? (12 weeks)

A

The nerves and muscles start to work together and the baby can make a fist, external sex organs are visible on a scan to identify m vs f.
Eyelids of the baby close (to protect they eyes) and stay closed until the 28th
week.

107
Q

What is happening in semester 2 of pregnancy? (16 weeks)

A

Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, this creates a more complete skeleton

108
Q

What is happening in semester 2 of pregnancy? (20 weeks)

A

The baby is more active and hair (lanugo) is formed.

109
Q

What is happening in semester 2 of pregnancy? (24 weeks)

A

Bone marrow begins to make blood cells

110
Q

What is happening in semester 3 of pregnancy? (32 weeks)

A

The bones are fully formed but soft

111
Q

What is happening in semester 3 of pregnancy? (36 weeks)

A

Vernix-coating around the baby is thick and consequently the baby is moving less

112
Q

What is happening in semester 3 of pregnancy? (36-40 weeks)

A 
The baby is full term and the organs are ready to
function out of the mother. Labour starts
113
Q

What is role of amniotic fluid?

A

Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother’s abdomen.
Also swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract.

114
Q

Where is amniotic fluid initially formed?

A

the maternal plasma

115
Q

Where is amniotic fluid formed in later stages?

A

fetal urine

116
Q

More fetal movement during day. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE- More active at night – act in a diurnal rhythm – this is the opposite to children/adults

117
Q

If pregnacy is lost before 20 weeks it is called?

A

miscarriage

118
Q

If pregnacy is lost after 24 weeks it is called?

A

stillbirth

119
Q

Primiparous=

A

It is the first time the mother has been pregnant

120
Q

Multiparous=

A

Subsequent pregnancy

121
Q

Gravidity=

A

Number of times the mother has been pregnant

122
Q

Parity=

A

Number of pregnancies the mother has had beyond 20 weeks (but still doesn’t tell us the outcome!)

123
Q

How can you estimate birth?

A
  • last menstral period
  • CRL (crowm rump length)
  • IVF embryo transfer
  • Timed coitus
124
Q

What are the three stages of labour?

A

. Stage 1 – From onset of labour to full dilation (inc: latent phase up to
3cm dilated and active phase from 3cm to 10cm dilated)
Stage 2 – From full dilatation to delivery of the foetus.
Stage 3 - From birth of the foetus to delivery of the placenta

125
Q

How long is labour usually for first timers?

A

8 hours active 1st stage

Usually <18hrs

126
Q

How long is labour usually for not first timers?

A

– 5 hour active 1st stage

– Usually <12hrs

127
Q

In terms of birth, it relies on the three PPPs what are they?

A

Power, Passage and Passenger

128
Q

Meaning of Power in relation to birth?

A

uterine contractions, contraction of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

129
Q

Meaning of Passage in relation to birth?

A

birth canal, pelvic inlet, pelvic cavity and pelvic outlet

130
Q

Meaning of Passenger in relation to birth?

A

the foetus, presentation and position

131
Q

Which element of the nervous system excites the

detrusor muscle to cause urination?

A

Parasympathetic

132
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue capsule that

surrounds each teste?

A

Tunica albuginea

Year 1 (23 decks)

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