Urogenital Flashcards
1
Q
Where is spermatozoa produced?
A
Seminiferous tubules
2
Q
Erythropoietin is vital in the production of:
A
Red blood cells
3
Q
The uterus in femal can be describes as:
A
Anteverted and Anteflexed
4
Q
What does urigenital involve?
A
Reproduction and excretion
5
Q
What are the major structures of the urinary system in mammals?
A
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
6
Q
What are the major structures of the reproductive system in males?
A
testes, sperm ducts, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate gland and penis
7
Q
What are the major structures of the reproductive system in females?
A
ovaries, fibrae, fallopian tubes, uteres and vagina
8
Q
Which kidney is lower? the right or the left
A
the right
9
Q
What is another name for adrenal glands?
A
Suprarenal glands
10
Q
What is the main artery running out of the kidney?
A
The right and left renal artery
11
Q
What comes out of the kidneys and connects to the bladder?
A
The ureters
12
Q
What comes out of the bladder?
A
Urethra
13
Q
Where does the bifurcation of the aorta start at?
A
L4
14
Q
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
A
RIght and left iliac artery
15
Q
What section between the renal pyramids called?
A
renal column
16
Q
How many renal pyramids are there in a kidney?
A
12
17
Q
what is a fibriae?
A
Collects the egg as its released from the ovaries
18
Q
What is the cervix?
A
the opening of the vagina
19
Q
The walls of the uterus has 3 muscular layers. What are they called?
A
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
20
Q
Which muscular layer of the uterus does the egg implant
A
Endometrium
21
Q
What is the main function of the kidney?
A
- maintain homeostasis of solutes and water
- Maintain endocrine function
- Maintain blood pressure regulation
22
Q
Homeostasis=
A
- Maintaining total body contents at a stable and normal level, even in the face of changes in dietary intake or endogenous production rate
23
Q
What do we need to maintain in our body?
A
- Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)
- Water (osmolarity)
- Acid-base balance (bicarbonate, H+)
- Minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium)
- Waste materials (urea, creatinine, uric acid)
24
Q
Examples of waste materials?
A
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
25
Urea, Creatinine and uric acid are broken down from what?
```
U= Protein
C= Muscle
U= Nucleic acids
```
26
What are the importance of urea, creatinine and uric acd ?
They measure how well our kidneys are working
27
What are the hormones the kidney produces?
Erythropoietin
Vitamin D
Renin
28
How does the kidney maintain blood pressure regulation?
Homeostasis of sodium and water, maintaining normal extracellular fluid volume
- Control of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis (RAAS)
- Production of vasodilatory substances (eg: nitric oxide)
29
What are the other roles of the kidney?
- Catabolism of small peptide hormones, such as insulin
- Production of glucose via gluconeogenesis during fasting
- Elimination of many medications (so changes in kidney function
would also alter plasma concentrations of these drugs)
- Aid filtration of blood before it returns back to the heart
30
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular filtration rate
31
What is GFR?
- a test used to check how well the kidneys are working
| - it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute
32
How do you estimate a persons GFR?
- A blood sample is taken and sent to a lab
- In the lab, the creatinine level in the blood sample is tested.
- Creatine is a chemical the body makes to supply energy, mainly to muscles
- The lab specialist combines the patient’s creatinine level with several other factors to estimate the GFR
33
- According to the National Kidney Foundation, normal results range from_____________
90 to 120 mL/min/1.73 m2
34
t older people will have lower GFR’s as GFR naturally reduces with age
TRUE OR FALSE
true
35
What is a clearance ratio?
t describes the rate at which substances are removed (cleared) from the plasma
36
What is renal clearance of a substance?
the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per
| minute
37
Clearance =
Urine concentration x urine flow rate / Plasma concentration
38
What substances do we use for clearance ratio?
Inulin or creatinine
39
What do we use more for GFR? Inulin or Creatinine
Creatinine
40
Why do we use creatinine more for measuring GFR than inulin?
Because inulin you have to inject into someone whereas creatinine is already in your body
41
What is more accurate inulin or creatinine?
inulin
42
If clearance ratio is 1....
then the solute is handled like inulin and its renal
| clearance is equal to GFR
43
If clearance ratio <1......
then this solute is filtered, but also reabsorbed (eg: sodium)
44
If clearance ratio >1....
then the solute is filtered, and it is actively secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid (eg: potassium)
45
If clearance ratio is 0
then either the solute is too large to be filtered (protein) or it is filtered and 100% reabsorbed (glucose and amino acids)
46
What are the four steps to urine formation?
1. Glomerular FILTRATION
2. Tubular REABSORPTION
3. Tubular SECRETION
4. EXCRETION
47
What happens in Glomerular filtration
- blood flows through glomerulus,
-blood pressure pushes water and
solutes from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule through a filtration membrane.
- filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins.
- Those components remain in the bloodstream. -The filtrate (the fluid that
has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular/bowmans capsule
further into the nephron.
48
What happens in tubular reabsorption?
- The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body
needs such as essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins.
- When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron
called the renal tubule.
- As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed
through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries.
- This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in
urine creation.
49
What happens in tubular secretion?
- waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the
capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion
- The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine
- The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct
50
What happens in excretion?
* Urine passes through the collecting ducts to the renal papillae
* Then to the minor and major calyces
* Out the renal pelvis to the ureters
* To the bladder
* To the urethra and out of the body
51
What does urine composition mean ?
it reflects the quantities of water and solutes that the
| kidney must eliminate for the body to maintain homeostasis
52
What can have an impact on urine composition?
Diet and acivity levels
53
What perecentage are each componenet in urine?
- 95% water
- Also has urea (2%), uric acid, trace amounts of amino acids, and
electrolytes
54
Fluid balance is dependent on.....
the RAAS system
55
Outline the steps in RAAS system
- renin is released by juxtagolmeluar cells in the kidney due to drop in blood pressure
- angiotensinogen is produced by the liver as a result
- this then produces angitensin I
- this goes to the lungs
- lungs have ACE which interact with angiotensin I
- produces angiotensin II
- that acts on adrenal glands
- which produces Aldestrone
- Aldestrone Increase cardiac output in heart
- Aldestrone causes vasconstriction in arteries
- increases bp
- increases Na +H2O retention
56
Renin is an....
enzyme
57
Angiotensinogen is....
an inactive chemical
58
How does angiotensin travel around the bodu
in the blood
59
What does ACE stand for?
Angitotensin converting enzyme
60
Sometimes you give ___ inhibitors to ____ bp
ACE
| reduce
61
What does Angiotensin II do?
Stimulates zona glomerulosa in the attempt to increase bp by targeting nephron
62
Where is ACE released from?
pulmonary and renal endothelium
63
When does renin releases from juxtaflomerular cells?
1. Drop in blood pressure
2. Sympathetic stimuli
3. Macula densa cells sensing decrease in chloride, potassium, and
sodium
64
Aldosterone-causes....
kidney to conserve sodium and excrete potassium
65
In the bladder what does parasympathetic input do?
- Excites the detrusor muscle
- Leads to detrusor muscle contraction
- Active during micturition (urination)
- causes us to pee
66
In the bladder what does sympathetic input do?
- Leads to contraction of internal urethral sphincter
- Relaxes during micturition
- Active during storing of urine
67
What type of muscle is INTERNAL urethral sphincter made up of? What control is this sphincter under?
smooth muscle
| involuntary
68
What type of muscle is EXTERNAL urethral sphincter made up of? What control is this sphincter under?
Skeletal muscle
| voluntary control
69
What does void mean?
to urinate
70
What causes voiding generally?
Contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the external
urethral sphincter
71
What causes voiding more specifically?
• Distension stimulates stretch receptors in the bladder
• Impulses are sent to the detrusor muscle from the CNS
• As bladder fills, internal pressure increases, and forces sphincter to
open
• A second reflex relaxes the sphincter unless voluntary control
maintains its contraction
72
What are the erectile structures in women called?
bulbs of vestibule (situated either side of the vagina)
73
What is the erectile mass in females?
Glans clitoris
74
What is the external genitalia called?
vulva
75
What forms the vulva?
- The clitoris and vestibular apparatus, together with numerous skin and tissue folds
76
uterus=
a thick muscular organ
| between the bladder and the rectum which is lined with columnar epithelium
77
What are the 3 parts of the cervix called?
Fundus
body
cervix
78
Properties of the vagina
- Extends from vulva to uterus
- Angled upwards and backwards with the
cervix projecting into the anterior wall
- Lined with stratified non-keratinized
epithelium
- Fornices where cervix projects into the vagina
79
What is the internal os of the vagina
Opening between cervical canal and main uterine
| cavity
80
What is the external os of the vagina
Opening between cervical canal and vagina
81
What is Squamo-columnar junction?
Found at the external
os where the columnar cells of the uterus meet the
stratified epithelium of the vagina
82
3 parts of the broad ligaments in female are called?
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
83
Mesometrium:
largest, extends from ateral pelvic walls to uterus
84
Mesosalpinx:
most superior part which suspends uterine tube
85
Mesovarium:
posterior extension that is attached to ovary
86
Round ligament of ovary:
posterior wall of broad ligament between ovary and the junction between the uterine tube and uterus
87
Round ligament of uterus:
anterior wall of broad ligament and through the deep and superficial rings to each labia majus
88
What is the difference between ovarian cyce and uterine cycle?
he ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus.
89
What are the three phases in Ovarian Cycle?
follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.
90
What is follicular phase?
where the development of a follicle occurs (day 1 to 14) [FSH
levels high]
91
What is Ovulation phase?
approx day 14 where a mature oocyte is released from the growing follicle. There is a massive spike in LH and a smaller peak in FSH but main hormone is LH
92
What is luteal phase?
where menstruation would occur if pregnancy did not occur (day 15 to 28)
93
Three stages of the uterine cycle are called?
s the proliferative and secretory phase, as well as menses
94
What happens in uterine cycle? (upto ovulation)
- During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich tissue lining, representing an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the
uterus.
- Menstrual cycles are counted from the first day of menstrual bleeding and are typically 28 days long.
- During menstruation, the body begins to prepare for ovulation again. The levels of oestrogen gradually rise, signalling the start of the proliferative phase.
- Ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone.
95
What happens in uterine cycle? (after ovulation)
• After ovulation, under the influence of progesterone, the endometrium changes to a secretory lining in preparation for the potential implantation of an embryo to establish a
pregnancy.
• If a blastocyst implants, then the lining remains as the decidua. This becomes part of the placenta and provides support and protection for the embryo during gestation.
• If implantation does not occur within approximately two weeks, the progesterone- producing corpus luteum in the ovary will recede, causing sharp drops in levels of both
progesterone and oestrogen.
• This hormone decrease causes the uterus to shed its lining and the egg in menstruation.
96
The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman’s reproductive period is termed______
Menopause
97
The connection between the pouch and the anterior abdominal wall is called?
The spermatic cord
98
What is each testis composed and surrounded by?
composed of seminiferous tubules and interstitial fluid and surrounded by a connective tissue capsule (aka the tunica albuginea)
99
- Anterior and lateral aspects of the testis are covered by a closed sac of
peritoneum called the______
tunica vaginalis
100
Where are spermatoza prodiced?
400-600 highly coiled seminiferous
| tubules
101
Sperm is stored in the_____
epididymis
102
Sperm passes via____ ____and into the _____ ______
ductus deferens
| ejaculatory duct
103
The tip of the body of the penis is covered by ___ ____
glans penis
104
What is happening in semester 1 of pregnancy? (4 weeks)
The brain and spinal cord have begun to form, the heart also begins to form and starts to beat. Arm and leg buds start to appear.
105
What is happening in semester 1 of pregnancy? (8 weeks)
All major organs and external body structures have begun to form. The baby is a foetus and ‘looks’ like a human.
106
What is happening in semester 1 of pregnancy? (12 weeks)
The nerves and muscles start to work together and the baby can make a fist, external sex organs are visible on a scan to identify m vs f.
Eyelids of the baby close (to protect they eyes) and stay closed until the 28th
week.
107
What is happening in semester 2 of pregnancy? (16 weeks)
Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, this creates a more complete skeleton
108
What is happening in semester 2 of pregnancy? (20 weeks)
The baby is more active and hair (lanugo) is formed.
109
What is happening in semester 2 of pregnancy? (24 weeks)
Bone marrow begins to make blood cells
110
What is happening in semester 3 of pregnancy? (32 weeks)
The bones are fully formed but soft
111
What is happening in semester 3 of pregnancy? (36 weeks)
Vernix-coating around the baby is thick and consequently the baby is moving less
112
What is happening in semester 3 of pregnancy? (36-40 weeks)
```
The baby is full term and the organs are ready to
function out of the mother. Labour starts
```
113
What is role of amniotic fluid?
Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother's abdomen.
Also swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract.
114
Where is amniotic fluid initially formed?
the maternal plasma
115
Where is amniotic fluid formed in later stages?
fetal urine
116
More fetal movement during day. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE- More active at night – act in a diurnal rhythm – this is the opposite to children/adults
117
If pregnacy is lost before 20 weeks it is called?
miscarriage
118
If pregnacy is lost after 24 weeks it is called?
stillbirth
119
Primiparous=
It is the first time the mother has been pregnant
120
Multiparous=
Subsequent pregnancy
121
Gravidity=
Number of times the mother has been pregnant
122
Parity=
Number of pregnancies the mother has had beyond 20 weeks (but still doesn’t tell us the outcome!)
123
How can you estimate birth?
- last menstral period
- CRL (crowm rump length)
- IVF embryo transfer
- Timed coitus
124
What are the three stages of labour?
. Stage 1 – From onset of labour to full dilation (inc: latent phase up to
3cm dilated and active phase from 3cm to 10cm dilated)
Stage 2 – From full dilatation to delivery of the foetus.
Stage 3 - From birth of the foetus to delivery of the placenta
125
How long is labour usually for first timers?
8 hours active 1st stage
| Usually <18hrs
126
How long is labour usually for not first timers?
– 5 hour active 1st stage
| – Usually <12hrs
127
In terms of birth, it relies on the three PPPs what are they?
Power, Passage and Passenger
128
Meaning of Power in relation to birth?
uterine contractions, contraction of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
129
Meaning of Passage in relation to birth?
birth canal, pelvic inlet, pelvic cavity and pelvic outlet
130
Meaning of Passenger in relation to birth?
the foetus, presentation and position
131
Which element of the nervous system excites the
| detrusor muscle to cause urination?
Parasympathetic
132
What is the name of the connective tissue capsule that
| surrounds each teste?
Tunica albuginea
