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Year 1 > HARC - Foundation > Flashcards

HARC - Foundation Flashcards

1
Q
A

orange: flexion
blue: extension

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2
Q
A

aBDuction of arm C5

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3
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5
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6
Q

Which anatomical plane is this?

A

sagittal

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7
Q

Which anatomical plane is this?

A

Coronal

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8
Q

Which anatomical plane is this?

A

Axial/Horizontal/Transverse

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9
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10
Q

What movement is this?

A

Circumduction

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11
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12
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13
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14
Q
A

Flexion

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15
Q
A

Extention

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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
Q

Which connective tissue covers in the bone?

A

periosteum

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27
Q

Name these sections:

A
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28
Q

Cartilage is avascular. What does this mean?

A

Does not have blood supply/blood vessels

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29
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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30
Q

Examples of fibrous joints:

A

skull, tibiofibular joint, teeth

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31
Q

Examples of Cartilaginous joints:

A

vertebrae, pubic symphysis

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32
Q

Examples of synovial joints:

A

elbow, knee, hip, shoulder

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33
Q

How are fibrous joints formed?

A

by the firm interlocking of two bones and have a strong emphasis on stability rather than movement

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34
Q

Fibrous joints are…..

A

firm

35
Q

synovial joints are……

A

freely moveable

36
Q

Cartilaginous joints ….

A

permit some movement but not as much as synovial

37
Q

What can you find in every joint?

A

Connective tissue

38
Q

What is the only bone which does not articulate with another bone?

A

The hyoid bone

39
Q

The 5 main characteristics of a synovial joint

A
  1. Joint capsule
  2. Ligaments
  3. Joint cavity
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Synovial membrane and fluid
40
Q
A
41
Q

What type of joint is the: Shoulder Joint

A

Synovial ball and socket

42
Q

What type of joint is the: Joints of the sternum

A

clavicle (synovial saddle) versus the 1 st rib (primary cartilaginous)– what’s the difference?

43
Q

What type of joint is in Pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

44
Q

Name the different types of synovial joints?

A

Ball and socket

Condyloid

Plane

Saddle

Hinge

Pivot

45
Q

Example of ball and socket?

A

Hip joint

46
Q

Example of pivot joint?

A

Between C1 and C2 verterbrae

47
Q

Example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow

48
Q

Example of Saddle joint?

A

between trapezium carpal bones and 1st metacarpal bone

49
Q

Example of plane joint?

A

joint between tarsal bones

50
Q

Example of Condyloid joint?

A

Between radius and carpal bones of wrist

51
Q

. Identify the following list of humeral features on the real humerus:

 Head

 Anatomical neck

 Surgical neck

 Greater tubercle

 Lesser tubercle

 Lateral epicondyle

 Medial epicondyle

 Trochlea

A
52
Q

The nervous system splits into……

A

the central and preipheral nervous system

53
Q

Name the missing labels

A
54
Q

Name the missing labels

A
55
Q

What is the PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system- it is any neural tissue that is outside the CNS

56
Q

How many PAIRED spinal nerves are there?

A

31 (REMEMBER 8,12,5,5,1)

57
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

58
Q

What is the difference between neruones and nerve?

REMEMBER: they are NOT the same

A

A nerve is composed of thousands of neurones collected together. A further point to understand is that the neurones in a nerve may have different functions to each other and may branch off to different muscles or sensory areas

59
Q

What is a motor neurone and what is a sensory neurone?

A

Motor neurone travels to muscles to instruct them to contract. Sensory neurones are there to detect sensory innervation from the external or internal environment

60
Q

What is the difference between a motor, sensory and mixed nerve?

A

A sensory nerve has purely sensory neurones. A motor nerve has purely motor nerves. A mixed nerve has both sensory and motor neurones within.

61
Q

Identify the Brachial plexus and where the nerves are?

A
62
Q

By tracing the nerves back give the root value for the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

63
Q

What nerve is this?

A
64
Q

Can you think about any processes that are controlled by the nervous system that are not under your conscious control?

A

Sweating,

blood vessel diameter,

Arrector pilli muscles,

heart rate,

rate of digestion,

arousal,

ejaculation,

salivation,

pupil diameter,

lens shape

65
Q

What type of muscles do somatic motor nerves innervate and what type of muscles so autonomic motor nerves innervate?

A

Skeletal, smooth.

66
Q

Sympathetic neurones only emerge from the spinal cord between ____

A

Levels T1 - L2/L3

67
Q

What type of neruones do parasympathetic nervous system have?

A

long pre ganglionic neurone and a short postganglionic neurone

68
Q

What type of outflow does parasympathetic nervous system have?

A

Craniosacral

69
Q

Parasymlathetic system only emerges in ___of the ___ cranial nerves and in the spinal nerves ____

A

4

12

S2, S3 and S4

70
Q

What is the longest parasympathetic nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

71
Q

What are the three major functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. it acts to maintain tissue fluid levels
  2. it aids in fighting infection
  3. it helps to transport fats from the intestines to the liver.
72
Q
A
73
Q

Into which veins do the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein. Thoracic duct into junction between left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein (although can just be left subclavian vein).

74
Q

What structures do lymphatic vessels have in common with veins?

A

They contain valves to help lymph ascend superiorly. Like veins a muscular pump system will also help with this.

75
Q

. Which area of the body does the thoracic duct drain and which area of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Thoracic duct = lower half and left part of upper half

Right lymphatic duct = Right part of upper half

76
Q

This is a lymph node. Name all the missing labels

A
77
Q

Function of Lymph nodes

A

The lymph nodes act to clean the lymph of any microorganisms that are present.

78
Q

What could enlarged lymph nodes suggest?

A

In these cases the level of infection is too large for the node to cope with. In these cases the node itself will become infected. Metastatic cancer cells can invade the lymphatic vessels and find their way to lymph nodes

79
Q

Where else is lymphoid tissue found in the body?

A

Peyer patches, tonsils, thymus, spleen and bone marrow.

80
Q

The spleen is one of the major sites of lymphoid tissue within body. It has two parts; the white pulp and the red pulp. What is the function of the red pulp?

A

Break down of damaged or worn out red blood cells with the subsequent return of iron and globin to the liver.

81
Q

The spleen is one of the major sites of lymphoid tissue within body. It has two parts; the white pulp and the red pulp. What is the function of the white pulp?

A

The white pulp contains the lymphoid tissue. As blood passes through the spleen it will encounter macrophages here which will destroy microorganisms by way of phagocytosis

82
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A
83
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A

Year 1 (23 decks)

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