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Year 1 > HARC- Neurosensory 2 > Flashcards

HARC- Neurosensory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many PAIRs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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2
Q

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by a ______ root and a ______ root

A

dorsal

ventral

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3
Q

Cross section of spinal cord

A
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4
Q

How might the axons be described in terms of incoming (= afferent) or outgoing (= efferent) and sensory or motor?

A

Sensory = incoming/afferent;

Motor = outgoing/efferent

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5
Q

Name all the tracts the arrow is pointing to?

A
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6
Q

Why is there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertrbrae?

A

Nerves run almost horizontally, and that one nerve emerges above (C1 nerve) and one below (C2 nerve) the C1 vertebra.

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7
Q

What does commissural mean? How do commissural fibres differ from association fibres?

A

Commissural describes fibres crossing midline directly (as opposed to projection fibres which decussate obliquely); Association fibres connect different areas within a hemisphere.

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8
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A
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9
Q

identify whether each is composed primarily of grey or white matter

A
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10
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A
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11
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12
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13
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14
Q

What landmark structures delineate each lobe?

A

Central sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes; lateral fissure separates frontal and temporal lobes; parieto-occipital sulcus divides parietal and occipital lobes on medial surface

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15
Q

Which lobes occupy which fossae?

A

Frontal lobes > anterior cranial fossa;

Temporal lobes > middle cranial fossa;

Cerebellum > posterior cranial fossa

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16
Q

– the larger the relevant body part, the _____ neurons innervate it.

A

more

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What principle functions are associated with these gyri?

A

Primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex, respectively (as depicted)

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19
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A
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
Q

: Where do you think the most likely points for blockage of the ventricular system are?

A

IVFs, cerebral aqueduct, foramina of Magendie and Lushka

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25
Q

What has the arachnoid mater to do with spiders? Between which of the layers does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulate and act as a shock absorber?

A

Trabeculae resemble spiders’ webs. Arachnoid and pia mater (= sub-arachnoid space, SAS)

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26
Q

In a lumbar puncture, where would be a reasonable place to decant CSF in the adult? In the child?

A

L3/4 (distant from spinal cord, and allows maximal separation of lumbar spinous processes with flexed trunk)

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27
Q

What causes the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral plexuses for the arms and legs

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28
Q

How does the vertebrobasilar system connect with the carotid arterial system of the brain? Why is this structure important?

A

Circle of willis to provide a backup arterial supply

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29
Q

Eye and Visual Pathway:

A
30
Q

What type of substance fills each of the chambers? What are the borders of each of the chambers?

A

Aqueous humour fills both chambers while vitreous humour is found behind the lens; Anterior chamber is between the cornea and the iris and the posterior chamber is between the iris and the lens.

31
Q
A
32
Q

Lens

What is the lens attached to? What is the ciliary body? What reflex occurs here?

A

Ciliary process of the ciliary body by suspensory ligament; Contains smooth muscle fibres for changing the lens and is involved in the accommodation reflex

33
Q

Iris

What are 2 different types of muscle fibres in the iris? What are their functions?

A

Radial and annular smooth muscle fibres ; Radial is dilator pupillae and annular is sphincter pupillae

34
Q

Optic Nerve

What 2 types of visual field are travelling through this nerve?

A

Temporal (lateral) and nasal (medial)

35
Q

Optic chiasma

What happens to the sensory information here?

A

The nasal (medial pathways cross over while the temporal (lateral) pathways stay ipsilateral

36
Q

Optic tract

Where does the optic tract start and end?

A

After the chiasma until the lateral geniculate bodies in the thalamus

37
Q

Optic radiation

Where is it and what is its function?

A

Information is passed through to the visual cortex

38
Q

Visual cortex

What lobe of the brain would you find the visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe, calcarine sulcu

39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

Recti muscles: Superior, inferior, lateral and medial rectus

What is the common origin of the recti muscles and where do they insert? What movement do they impart on the eyeball?

A

Common tendinous ring and anterior to the equator of the eye;

refer to table in Gray’s textbook and VITAL HARC Neuro 1 Video

42
Q

Oblique muscles: Superior and inferior obliques

What is the origin and insertion of superior oblique? What is the origin and insertion of inferior oblique? What are the movements of the eye by the oblique muscles?

A

Just above the common tendinous ring, along the medial wall of the orbit, turns through the trochlea to insert underneath the tendon of superior rectus; Anteromedial wall of the orbit, underneath the eyeball to insert above lateral rectus; refer to textbook table

43
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A
44
Q
A
45
Q

Pinna

: What function does the pinna serve?

A

Direct sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

46
Q

External acoustic meatus

: What is the function of the external acoustic meatus? Is it composed of cartilage, bone or both

A

Both 1/3rd cartilage and 2/3rd bone

47
Q

Medial surface of tympanic membrane

: What is attached to the medial surface?

A

Handle of the malleus

48
Q

Malleus and the incus

: Which is found most lateral?

A

Malleus because it is attached the medial side of the tympanic membrane

49
Q

Stapes and the oval window

Why is the stapes attached to the oval window?

A

Transmit the vibrations of the ossicular chain into the fluid-filled inner ear

50
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

: Where does the pharyngotympanic tube exit? What is its function?

A

Exits into the nasopharynx and it equalises pressure in the air-filled middle ear (when your ears pop)

51
Q
A
52
Q

Petrous temporal bone

What parts of the inner ear are found here?

A

Both – the hearing and vestibular parts as well as the bony and membranous labyrinths.

53
Q

Bony labyrinth (cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals)

What type of fluid is found in these spaces?

A

Perilymph

54
Q

Membranous labyrinth (cochlea and canal ducts)

What type of fluid is found in these ducts? What are the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani? Where is the Organ of Corti?

A

Endolymph ; Scala vestibuli is the perilymph filled part found above the cochlear duct and the scala tympani is the perilymph filled area found below the cochlear duct

55
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Name the functional component associated with this nerve?

A

Special Somatic Afferent

56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q

Somatosensory and Motor Pathways

A
60
Q

Somatosensory and Motor Pathways

A
61
Q

Somatosensory and Motor Pathways

A
62
Q

Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

What type of sensation do these tracts carry? And, where do these fibres decussat

A

Anterior carries crude touch and pressure while lateral carries pain and temperature; At point of entry in the spinal cord after synapsing with the 2nd order neuron

63
Q

Posterior (dorsal) columns:

What type of sensation does it carry? And, where do these fibres decussate? And, when do these fibres become part of the medial lemniscus?

A

Fine touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception from skin and joints; pyramids; after decussating and cuneate and gracilis have combined in the brainstem

64
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

: What type of sensation do these tracts carry? And, where do these fibres decussate?

A

Proprioceptive information to the cerebellum; It doesn’t it stays ipsilateral

65
Q

corticospinal descending tract

Where does it originate? Where does it decussate? Where does the nerve impulse end? What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

Upper motor neurons from the primary motor cortex; Pyramids of the midbrain; Muscle fibres; Head and neck portion of the corticospinal tract that synapse with cranial motor nuclei in the brainstem

66
Q
A
67
Q
A
68
Q

the internal capsule:

What shape is it? Between which two nuclei is it sandwiched? And, what runs through it, particularly the posterior limb?

A

Boomerang with an anterior limb, a genu and a posterior limb; Thalamus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally, specifically the globus pallidus of the lentiform nucleus; The corticospinal tract

69
Q

What is this?

A
70
Q
A
71
Q
A

Year 1 (23 decks)

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