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Year 1 > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

The pterion is the joining point of which 4 bones

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoidal

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2
Q

What nerve is responsible for innervating the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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3
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

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4
Q

What is pterion?

A

it is a weak point where the frontal parietal temporal and sphenoidal bones meet. Also the location of the middle meningeal artery (this could rupture during trauma!)

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5
Q

What are the functions of the MSK system?

A
  1. Support for other organs 2. Movement – ‘engines, ropes and levers’ 3. Protection of organs 4. Metabolic functions (calcium and phosphate)
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6
Q

Name 5 types of bones?

A

Flat bones Long bones Irregular bones Short bones Sesamoid bones

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7
Q

Where do you find flat bones?

A

There are flat bones in the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer), the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), and the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

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8
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

The function of flat bones is to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs - Flat bones are somewhat flattened, and can provide protection, like a shield; flat bones can also provide large areas of attachment for muscles

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9
Q

Where are long bones located?

A

Long bones are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include bones in the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).

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10
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A
  • The long bones, longer than they are wide, include the femur as well as relatively small bones in the fingers - Long bones function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement.
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11
Q

Where short bones located?

A

. Located in the wrist and ankle joints,short bones provide stability and some movement. - The carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform) are examples of short bones

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12
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement

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13
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Irregular bones vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category (flat, short, long, or sesamoid) -They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs.

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14
Q

They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect _______ _____

A

internal organs

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15
Q

The irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium) protect organs in ___ ______ _____

A

the pelvic cavity.

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16
Q

Where can you find sesamoid bones?

A
  • Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons eg the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet
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17
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress and wear

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18
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid

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19
Q

What type of joints join bones of the skull together by tough sutures?

A

Fibrous joints

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20
Q

What is a suture?

A

where 2 bones of the skull meet, typically where the flat bones of the calvarium meet

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21
Q

Name the cranial bones?

A

Frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal x2, temporal x2

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22
Q

Name the facial bones?

A

Mandible, maxillae x2, nasal x2, zygomatic x2, lacrimal x2, palatine x2, vomer, inferior nasal conchae x2

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23
Q

What are the two important muscles of the skull?

A

OCCIPITOFRONTALI STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

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24
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

The vertebral column provides support and rigidity to the trunk which allows us to adapt to gravity - The vertebral column is broken up into individual pieces as you can see on the next slide

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25
Q

How many VERTEBRAES are there?

A

7, 12, 5, 5, 4 33

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26
Q

How many cranial NERVES are there?

A

8, 12, 5, 5, 1 31

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27
Q

Properties of the vertabke body?

A
  • Largest part of vertebra and roughly oval shape - Surfaces are flattened for Intervertebral discs
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28
Q

The neural arc consists of?

A
  • Pedicle (joins body to transverse process) - Transverse process - Articular process (form synovial facets with the vertebra above and below) - Lamina (joins transverse process to the spinous process) - Spinous process - directed downwards and backwards, provides attachment for vertebral ligaments
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29
Q

Where are intervertebral discs found?

A

Found between all vertebrae from C2 – S1

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30
Q

An IV disc is made up of:

A
  1. Annulus fibrosis = tough layers in a fibrocartilaginous rim. Limits rotation between the vertebrae 2. Nucleus pulposus = collagen fibres suspended in mucoprotein gel - softer, gelatinous and absorbs compression forces
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31
Q

UPPER LIMB: What is the anterior superficial muscle?

A

Biceps brachii

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32
Q

UPPER LIMB: What is the function of biceps brachii

A

flexes am/ supinates forearm

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33
Q

UPPER LIMB: What is the anterior deep muscle?

A

brachialis coracobrachialis

34
Q

UPPER LIMB: What is the function of the brachialis

A

flexes the forearm

35
Q

UPPER LIMB: What is the function of coracobrachialis?

A

weakly adducts/flexes arm

36
Q

UPPER LIMB: Which nerve intervates the anterior muscles?

A

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE

37
Q

UPPER LIMB: What is the only posterior muscle called?

A

triceps brachii

38
Q

UPPER LIMB: WHat is the function of the tricesps brachii?

A

extends forearm

39
Q

UPPER LIMB: Which nerve innervates the triceps brachii?

A

radial nerve

40
Q

FOREARM: What is the anterior superficial muscle?

A

pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexir carpi ulnaris

41
Q

FOREARM: What are the functions of these muscles: pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexir carpi ulnaris

A

Pronator Teres – PRONATE FOREARM Flexor carpi radialis – FLEX AND ABDUCT WRIST Palmaris Longus – FLEXES WRIST Flexor carpi ulnaris – FLEX AND ADDUCT WRIST

42
Q

FOREARM: What is the anterior deep muscle?

A

Pronator quadratus Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus

43
Q

FOREARM: What are the functions of these muscles: Pronator quadratus Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus

A

Pronator quadratus – PRONATES THE FOREARM Flexor pollicis longus – FLEXES THE THUMB Flexor digitorum profundus – FLEXES DISTAL PHALANGES

44
Q

FOREARM: What nerve intervates the deep and superficial anterior mucles

A

Median nerve

45
Q

FOREARM: What are the posterior superficial muscles?

A

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digit minimi Extensor digitorum Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus

46
Q

FOREARM: What are the functions of these muscles; Brachioradialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digit minimi Extensor digitorum Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Brachioradialis (missing) – FLEXES FOREARM Extensor carpi ulnaris – EXTENDS/ADDUCTS WRIST Extensor digit minimi – EXTENDS WRIST & LITTLE FINGER Extensor digitorum – EXTENDS MEDIAL 4 DIGITS Anconeus – EXTENDS AND STABILISES THE ELBOW Extensor carpi radialis brevis – EXTENDS/ABDUCTS WRIST Extensor carpi radialis longus – EXTENDS/ABDUCTS WRIST

47
Q

FOREARM: What are the deep posterior muscles?

A

Extensor indices Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Supinator

48
Q

FOREARM: What are the functions of these muscles: Extensor indices Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Supinator

A

Extensor indices – EXTENDS THE INDEX FINGER Extensor pollicis longus – EXTENDS THE THUMB Extensor pollicis brevis– EXTENDS THE THUMB Abductor pollicis longus – ABDUCTS THE THUMB Supinator - SUPINATES FOREARM

49
Q

FOREARM: Which nerve intervates these muscles: Brachioradialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digit minimi Extensor digitorum Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Radial nerve

50
Q

FOREARM: Which nerve intervates these muscles: Extensor indices Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Supinator

A

POSTERIOR INTEROSSEUS NERVE

51
Q

Name some bone cells?

A

Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Osteocytes

52
Q

Osteoclasts:

A

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells. They are responsible for bone resorption. They travel to the sites of old bones or the bones which need to be repaired. They secrete acid phosphatase which disintegrate the bone

53
Q

Osteoblasts:

A

Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells. They help in the formation of the new bone. They secrete alkaline phosphate, which helps in the deposition of calcium and phosphate, resulting in the formation of a new bone

54
Q

Osteocytes:

A

Those osteoblasts which are not present on the surface of the bone are called osteocytes. They are found in the lacunae between the lamellae in a bone. These cells help in maintaining oxygen and mineral level in the bone

55
Q

What is the importance of calcium?

A

It is critical to maintain blood calcium concentrations within a tight normal range. Deviations above or below the normal range frequently lead to serious disease.

56
Q

HypOcalcemia:

A

lOw blood calcium concentration.

57
Q

HypErcalcemia

A

concentration of blood calcium higher than normal

58
Q

Where can you find calcium in the body?

A

mitochondria

endoplasmic reticulum

blood

bones

59
Q

How can you increase calcium in the body?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is release from the parathyroid glands (on the back of the thyroid)
  • Converting inactive form of vitamin D to active vitamin D.
60
Q

• PTH causes:

A
  1. Increased bone resorption, releasing bone calcium into the blood, increasing serum calcium levels.
  2. Increase in calcium/phosphate reabsorption from kidneys, increasing serum calcium/phosphate levels.
  3. Converting inactive form of vitamin D to active vitamin D.
61
Q

• Active vitamin D causes:

A
  1. Increased bone resorption, releasing bone calcium into the blood, increasing serum calcium levels.
  2. Increased absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus.
62
Q

Outline the Vitamin D pathway:

A
  • Sun light hits our skin/We eat fish, milk and eggs
  • Vitamin D3 (Inactive) aka cholecalciferol travels to the liver
  • 25-hydroxylase from the blood acts upon cholecalciferol (inactive vitamin D3) is in the liver

-Cholecalciferol is converted into 25(OH)D (AKA Calcidiol)

  • Calcidiol 25(OH)D travels to the kidney.This is also inactive
  • PTH is released from the parathyroid glands
  • PTH becomes 1-alphahydroxylase and acts on the Calcidiol
  • Calcidiol is converted to 1,25 (OH)2D (AKA Calcitriol)

This is active form of vitamin D

-

63
Q

How do we decrease the calcium in our body?

A

• Calcitonin is released from parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

64
Q

• Calcitonin causes:

A
  1. Promotes the transferring of Са2+ from blood into bones
  2. Inhibits reabsorption of calcium & phosphate in kidneys (So decreases the content of calcium/phosphate in blood due to its excretion with urine)
65
Q

Importance of the Phosphorus?

A
  • Important role in cellular metabolism
  • Source of of energy in cellular reactions
  • Component of phospholipids in membranes
66
Q

What do we call it when there is low blood phosphate concentration?

A

HypOphosphatemia

67
Q

What do we call it when there is high blood phosphate concentration (higher than normal)?

A

HypErphosphatemia i

68
Q

Osteoclastic activity =

A

Bone breaking down

69
Q

Osteoblastic activity =

A

Bone formation

70
Q

What does PTH do to osteoclastic activity?

A

Increases osteoclastic activity, bone breaks down, calcium is released from the bone into the blood, so serum (blood) Ca2+ increases

71
Q

What does Calcitonin do to osteoclastic/psteoblastic activity?

A

Decreases osteoclastic activity, bone stays formed, calcium stays in the bone. Alt inc osteoblastic activity and uptake of calcium from the blood, so serum (blood) Ca2+ decreases

72
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

73
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most common type

A

Hyaline cartilage

74
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea

75
Q

Where can you find Fibrocartilage?

A

Found in intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments

76
Q

Where can you find Elastic cartilage?

A

Found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx

77
Q

Ligament:

A
  • A tough fibrous band of connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together in proper articulation at the joints.
  • A ligament is composed of dense fibrous bundles of collagenous fibres and spindle-shaped cells known as fibrocytes.
78
Q

There are 2 major types of ligaments:

What are they?

A
  1. White ligament - rich in collagenous fibres, which are sturdy and inelastic
  2. Yellow ligament - rich in elastic fibres, which are quite tough even though they allow elastic movement
79
Q

At joints, what happens to ligaments?

A

At joints, ligaments form a capsular sac that encloses the articulating bone ends and the synovial membrane.

Sometimes the structure includes a recess, or pouch, lined by synovial tissue; this is called a bursa.

80
Q

What cells do connective tissue form from?

A

Fibroblasts

Year 1 (23 decks)

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