Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac output can be defined as…..

A

stroke volume x heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiac output =

A

the amount of blood pumoed by the heart in 1 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is another name for the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What shape is the heart and what size is it roughly?

A

cone shaped

about the size of your fist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHeres does the heart sit?

A

within the mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

location of the heart is….

A

slightly left of the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the lateral, posterior, anterior and inferior borders of the heart?

A 
Lateral = lungs 
Posterior = Vertebral column 
Anterior = Sternum
Inferior = Diaphram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart?

A

4
2x atria
2x ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the left and right atria seperated by?

A

the interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the left and right ventricles seperated by?

A

interventricular spetum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are valves?

A

Prevents the backflow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many valves are there?

A

4

2 each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the valves called?

A

bicuspid and tricuspid

aortic and pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Biscuspid and tricuspid are what kind of valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aortic and pulmonary are what kind of valves?

A

Semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the overal function of the heart?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs and pumps Oxygenated blood to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

it is what is found in the midline of the thorax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

a layer that surrounds the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium called?

A 
Fibrious layer 
Parietal layer ( outer serous layer)
Visceral layer (inner serous layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the space between the heart and the pericardium called?

A

The pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium (also known as visceral layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is in the percardial cavity and whats its function?

A

Contains fluid

and allows lubrication of the heart so the heart can expand when it beats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main arteries involved with the heart?

A 
Aorta 
Pulmonary arteries 
Left Subclavian 
Left common Carotid 
Brachiocephallic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the main veins involved with the heart?

A

SVC
IVC
Pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the main difference between the TRIcuspid valve and BIcuspid valve?

A

TRIcuspid has three pappilary muscle attachments via chordae tendaniae
and the other one has 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is chordae tendinae?

A

referred to as the heart strings.

It attaches to pappilary muscles which allows contraction and also allows the heart to open and close.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the blood flow of the heart?

A
  • blood comes into the SVC + IVC
  • Then right atrium through the TRICUSPID valve
  • into the right ventricle
  • then out through the Pulmonary ateries to the lungs
  • then oxygenated blood comes back in from the lungs through pulmonary veins
  • into the left atrium through the BICUSPID valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aorta to the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is the left ventricle so much thicker than the right?

A

Left pumps blood to the WHOLE body where as right is only to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Innervation of the heart is dominated by two types of cells. What are they?

A

Nodal cells and cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are nodal cells?

A

They are responsible for initiating the wave of excitation which passes through the cells by gap junction, into the myocytes, allowing contraction of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The excitiation of nodal cells are dominated by?

A

L- type Ca2+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

muscles cells (myocytes) that make up the cardiac muslce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The excitiation of cardiac muscles are dominated by?

A

voltage gated Na+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In nodal cells the resting potential is ____ _____ than most somatic cells

A

less negative (-60/-70)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do nodal cells have a less negative resting potential?

A

due to the opening of the L-type Ca2+ channles, leading to rapid influx of Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens when the membrane in nodal cells become positive?

A

slow voltage gated K+ channels open causing gradual repolarization of the nodal cell.
Ca2+ channels close here too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What leads to hyperpolarization in nodal cells ?

A

a slight overshoot of the K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What channels activated in nodal cells due to hyperpolarization?

A

HCN channels. This allows Na+ to come into the cell and K+ to leave the cell so allowing cycle to start again (insert pic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens when action potential arrives in cardiomyoctes?

A

voltage gated Na+ channels open, leading to rapid influx and

depolarization of the cardiac myocyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens when the membrane potential in caridomyocytes reach +20mV?

A
  • K+ channels
    open and the efflux of K+ leads to reduction in membrane potential. At
    the same time, the voltage gated Na+ channels close
41
Q

What balances ou the K+ efflux in cardiomyocytes?

A

the L-type Ca2+ channel opening , leading to Ca2+ influx

42
Q

How is resting potential restored in cardiomyoctes?

A

. The resting membrane potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase, in
preparation for the next AP regeneration.

43
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM =

A

PARASYMPATHETIC & SYMPATHETIC

44
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC =

A

REST AND DIGEST

45
Q

SYMPATHETIC =

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

46
Q

What does it mean by innervatio of the heart?

A

it means a group of structures that send impulses through the heart

47
Q

What is the SA node?

A

The pacemaker. (generates impulse and sets speed in wall of the right atrium)

48
Q

What is the AV node?

A

Delayes impulse slightly ( sits between atria, just above the ventricles)

49
Q

Bundle of His=

A

two branches that sit between ventricles and distributes to purkinje fibres

50
Q

Purkinje Fibres =

A

Lateral walls of the ventricles, distribute impulse from bottom upwards

51
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

walls of the right atrium

52
Q

The Action Potential

Stage 1: Resting

A

3Na+ out and 2K+ in (against conc. gradient)

53
Q

The Action Potential

Stage 2: Depolarisation at threshold

A

Na+ influx into the cell

54
Q

The Action Potential

Stage 3: Peak

A

Na+ channels close

K+ channels open

55
Q

The Action Potential

Stage 4: Repolarisation

A

K+ efflux out of the cell

56
Q

The Action Potential

Stage 5: Hyperpolarisation/Refactory period

A

K+ channels are closing, but slowly

57
Q

What are failed initiations?

A

If the threshold isnt reached for depolarisation an action potential will not occur.

58
Q

What does the parasympathetic (vagus) do to the heart?

A
  • DECREASE THE HEART RATE
  • DECREASE THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS
  • DILATE THE CORONARY RESISTANCE VESSELS
59
Q

What does the sympathetic do to the heart?

A

INCREASE THE HEART RATE

  • INCREASE THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS
  • CONSTRICT THE CORONARY RESISTANCE VESSELS
60
Q

What is your normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

systolic/diastolic

61
Q

What does it mean when arteries vasoconstrict?

A

Increased contraction around the artery
- Increased resistance/pressure
- Decreased blood flow
RESULTS IN INCREASED BP

62
Q

What does it mean when arteries vasodialate?

A
  • Decreased contraction around the artery
  • Decreased resistance
  • Increased blood flow
    RESULTS IN DECREASED BP
63
Q

How does arteries vasoconstrict?

A

INC SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM = RELEASE OF VASOPRESSIN AND ANGIOTENSIN 2 = VASOCONSTRICTION

64
Q

How does arteries vasodialate?

A

DEC SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM = RELEASE OF HISTAMINE = VASODILATION

65
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Sensors located in the blood vessels. They sense BP and relay the information to the brain to tell the heart to change the BP.

66
Q

Where can baroreceptors be found?

A
  • internal carotid

- aortic arch

67
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Chemoreceptors are special sensors that detect changes in chemicals present and responds appropriately by generating a biological signal

68
Q

Chemoreceptoes respond to changes in….

A

paO2, paCO2, pH

69
Q

hyPERtension=

A

blood pressure too high

70
Q

hyPOtension=

A

blood pressure too low

71
Q

What are blood made out of?

A

plasma, RBC, WBC. platelets

72
Q

Properties of RBC/Erythrocytes

A
  • Large Surface area
  • Has no nucleus (more space to carry O2)
  • Contains Haemoglobin which binds to and carries oxygen (also gives red colour)
  • Bi-concave disk shape
73
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Braciocephalic trunk
L. Commin Carotid
L. Subclavian

74
Q

Braciocephalic trunk has two branches called?

A

R. Subclavian

R. Common Carotid

75
Q

The R common carotid branches into?

A

R. external and internal carotid

76
Q

The L common carotid branches into?

A

L. external and internal carotid

77
Q

Your L subclavian goes into

A

L axillary and then L brachial

78
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

they supply th emyocardium of the heart

79
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

Circumflex artery

80
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

81
Q

What does P wave stand for?

A

Atrial depolarisation

82
Q

What does QRS complex stand for?

A

Ventricular depolarisation (masks atrial repolarisation)

83
Q

What does T wave stand for?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

84
Q

What does the U wave stand for?

A

idk its unknown lol

85
Q

What does systole mean?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

86
Q

What does Diastole mean?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

87
Q

The cardiac cycle in order

A
  1. Atrial Systole
  2. Isovolumetric Contraction
  3. Rapid Ventricular Ejection
  4. Reduced Ventricular Ejection
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation
  6. Rapid Passive filling
  7. Reduced Passive filling
88
Q

What happens in Atrial Systole?

A

The left and right atria contract and blood is ejected into the
ventricles via the AV valves.

89
Q

What happens in Isovolumetric Contraction?

A

The pressure in the ventricles now exceeds the pressure in the
atria, causing the closure of the AV valves. The cardiac muscles begin to contract and the pressure in the ventricles begin to rise further.

90
Q

What happens in Rapid Ventricular Ejection?

A

The pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta/pulmonary vessles and the aortic valves open to allow the blood to be rapidly ejected from the ventricles.

91
Q

What happens in Reduced Ventricular Ejection?

A

The ejection velocity begins to decline and the closure of the semi-lunar valves marks the end of this phase

92
Q

What happens in Isovolumetric Relaxation?

A

The ventricles begin to relax and the AV and SL valves are both closed.

93
Q

What happens in Rapid Passive Filling? (diastaisis)

A

The blood that has been accumulating in the atria causes the pressure in the atrium to rise above the ventricles so the AV valves open again, causing rapid movement of the blood into the ventricles. Approx 70%

94
Q

What happens in Reduced Passive Filling?

A

The period is also known as diastasis and might not occur when the heart rate is increased i.e. in tachycardia.

95
Q

Tachycardia=

A

fast resting heart rate

96
Q

Bradycardia=

A

abnormally slow heart rate

97
Q

What is the remnant of the fetal shunt betwenn the aorta abd the pulmonary artery?

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum

98
Q

What ion is primarily responsible for repolarisation of an action potential?

A

Potassium ions.

Year 1 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions