Neurosensory Flashcards
1
Q
With regards the cell body, what direction does a
dendrite carry the impulse?
A
Towards the cell body
2
Q
Think about the action potential. During
repolarization, what happens?
A
K+ efflux
3
Q
The parasympathetic nervous system keeps us
alert and prepared for fight or flight
response’ TRUE OR FALSE
A
FALSE
4
Q
What is the nervous system?
A
- a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body
- is an organ system that coordinates voluntary and
involuntary actions that allows us to react to the changing environment around
us
5
Q
Neurons send signals along thin fibers called____
A
axons
6
Q
How do neurons communicate to other cells?
A
by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters at cell-cell junctions called
synapses
7
Q
In humans, which two nervus system do we have?
A
central and peripheral
8
Q
What is the central nervous system made up of?
A
- brain
- spinal cord
9
Q
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?
A
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons
10
Q
Motor neurons can be futher subdivided into______
A
Somatic NS and Autonomic NS
11
Q
Autonomic NS can be further subdivided into_____
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
12
Q
The nervous system has a sensory imput. What does this mean?
A
Sensory input comes from the many sensory receptors that monitor changes occurring
both inside and outside the body. The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what actions should be taken
13
Q
How does the nervous system primarily communicate information throughout the body?
A
by extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors.
This sensory input is sent to the central nervous system, which determines an appropriate
response.
14
Q
What are the lobes of the brain called?
A
Parietal
frontal
temporal
occipital
15
Q
The frontal lobe and parietal lobe can be seperated by ____
A
The central sulcus
16
Q
Just above the hypothalmus is_____
A
the thalamus
17
Q
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland are connected by what?
A
the infundibulum
18
Q
What does the corpus callosum do?
A
Bundle of fibres that connect both hemispheres in the brain
19
Q
What does the brain stem consist of?
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
20
Q
How many nerves are there?
A
8,12,5,5,1
21
Q
How many vertebrae are there?
A
7,12,5,5,4
22
Q
Why are there more nerves than verterbrae?
A
because the location of the C1 exits the spinal cord. C1 nerve exits just above the C1 verterbrae therefore more nerves than verterbrae.
23
Q
Names the sections of each nerve/verterbrae?
A
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
24
Q
What is the difference between white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord?
A
white matter carries myelinated fibres and grey matter contains the cell nuclei.
25
What unique about the spinal cord in the cervical region?
there is a high proportion of white matter to grey matter
26
What unique about the spinal cord in the sacral region?
there is a high proportion of grey matter to white matter
27
What singal comes in through the dorsal root?
sensory
28
What singal comes in through the ventral root?
motor
29
Dorsal is located where on the spinal cord?
posterior
30
Ventral is located where on the spinal cord?
anterior
31
Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply to?
- Most of the frontal lobe
- The front 4/5 of the corpus callosum
- Deep structures such as the internal capsule (ant) and caudate nucleus
32
Where does the middle cerebral artery supply to?
Lateral aspect of hemispheres
- Mainly parietal and temporal
- Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
- Basal ganglia and internal capsule
33
Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply to?
- Occipital lobe
- Visual cortex
- Thalamus
- Posterior limb of internal capsule
34
What does CSF mean?
cerebrospinal fluid
35
The ventricle system is made up of how many ventricles?
4
36
What is CSF produced by?
Choroid plexus
37
Where is CSF produced?
the floor of the lateral ventricles.
38
Explain the movement of CSF from the ventricles
- from lateral ventricles it passes through the foramen of monroe
- into the roof og thr 3rd ventricle
- then passes the aqueduct of sylvius
- into the posterior roof of 4th ventricle
- then it splits either to the foramen of luschka or foramen of magendie
- then out to the subarachnoif space and into arachnoid granulations
39
Anatomy of the venous drainage from the brain?
- brain drains to superior sagittal sinus
- then confluence of sinuses
- that joins with the inferior petrosal sinus to form...
- transverse sinus
- then signmoid sinus
- internal jugylar vein (way back
- braciocephaliic trunk
- Superior vena cava
40
Anatomy of the venous drainage from the eye?
- eye drains to cavernous sinus
- then superior petrosal sinus
- inferior petrosal sinus
- that joins with the confluence of sinuses to form...
- transverse sinus
- then signmoid sinus
- internal jugylar vein (way back
- braciocephaliic trunk
- Superior vena cava
41
What are the 12 cranial nerves called?
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Aducent
7. Facial
8. Vestibulcochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal
42
Where do the cranial nerves emerge from?
Brain or brain stem
43
How many cranial nerves comes from the brain stem?
10/12
44
Which cranial nerves dont come from the brani stem?
Optic and Olfactory
45
What is the function of cranial nerves?
relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck
46
Function of: Olfactory
Smell
47
Function of: Optic
Vision
48
Function of: Oculomotor
- eye movement and pupil reflex
| - 4 extrinsic eye muscles & levator palpibrae superioris, also pupillary sphincter
49
Function of: Trochlear
- eye movement
| - Superior oblique muscle
50
Function of: Trigeminal
- Face sensation and chewing
| - Ophthalmic, maxillary & mandibular (x3)
51
Function of: Abducent
- eye movement
| - Lateral rectus muscle
52
Function of: Facial
- Face movemnt and taste
| - Sensation, taste and muscles of facial expression. Submandibular and Sublingual P
53
Function of: Vestibulocochlear
-Hearing and balance
54
Function of: Glossopharyngeal
- thoat sensation, taste and swallowing
| - Taste, parotid gland, carotid body, ext ear
55
Function of: Vagus
- movement, sensation and abdominal organs
| - Taste, pharynx and larynx muscles, viscera of thorax and abdomen & external ear
56
Function of: Accessory
- Neck movements
| - Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
57
Function of: Hypoglossal
- Movement, sensation and abdominal organs
| - Tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)
58
Origin of: Olfactory
Cerebrum
59
Origin of: Optic
Cerebrum
60
Origin of: Oculamotor
Midbrain-Pons junction S
61
Origin of: Trochlear
Midbrain
62
Origin of: Trigeminal
Pons
63
Origin of: Aducent
Pontine-Medulla junction
64
Origin of: Facial
Pontine-Medulla junction In
65
Origin of: Vestibulocochlear
Pontine-Medulla junction
66
Origin of: Glossopharyngeal
Medulla Oblongata
67
Origin of: Vagus
Medulla Oblongata
68
Origin of: Accessory
Medulla Oblongata
69
Origin of: Hypoglossal
Medulla Oblongata
70
Exit of: Olfactory
Cribriform plate
71
Exit of: Optic
Optic canal
72
Exit of: Oculomotor
Superior orbital fissure
73
Exit of: Trochlear
Superior orbital fissure
74
Exit of: Trigeminal
Varied (SOF, FRot, FOval)
75
Exit of: Abducent
Superior orbital fissure
76
Exit of: Facial
Internal acoustic meatus
77
Exit of: Vestibulocochlear
Internal acoustic meatus
78
Exit of: Glossopharyngeal
Jugular foramen
79
Exit of: Vagus
Jugular foramen
80
Exit of: Accessory
Jugular foramen
81
Exit of: Hypoglossal
Hypoglossal canal
82
What is the posterior wall of the eye called?
Annulus of Zinn
83
What is the innervation of the superior oblique muscle?
CN4(trochlear)
84
The medial rectus muscle of the eye is involved with___
Adduction-vtowards the nose
85
What is the innervation of the Lateral Rectus muscle?
CN6 (Abducent)
86
The lateral rectus muscle of the eye is involved with___
Abduction- towards the ear
87
The Superior rectus muscle of the eye is involved with___
Elevation
adduction
Intorsion
88
The Superior oblique muscle of the eye is involved with___
Depression
Abduction
Introsion
89
The inferior oblique muscle of the eye is involved with___
Elevation
abduction
extorsion
90
Name the 6 voluntary eye muslces?
```
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Medial Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
```
91
What are the three coats surrounding the eye?
Fibrous coat
Vascular pigmented coat
Nervous coat
92
What is the fibrous coat made up of?
Sclera
| Cornea
93
What is the vascular oigmented coat made up of?
Choroid
| Ciliary body
94
What is the nervous coat made up of?
Retina
Optic nerve
Blind spot- optic disc
Mascula Lutea
95
What is the pathway to the visual cortex?
• The optic nerve runs to the optic chiasm
• The optic tract runs from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate
nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus
• From the LGN, fibres pass posteriorly through the optic radiations to
reach the primary visual cortex (in the occipital lobe)
96
What does anopia mean?
Blind
97
What does homonymous hemianopsia mean?
half blind in left and right eye. Same side
98
What does bitemporal hemianopsia mean?
Blindness half of both eyes but opposite sides.
99
What are photoreceptors cells?
e specialised neurones that are capable of
photo transduction.
Rods and cones
100
How doe photoreceptors work?
They absorb photos triggering membrane potentials converting light
into biological messages
101
Rods:
Responsible for vision at low light levels
No colour vision
Low spatial acuity
102
Cones:
Active at higher light levels
Capable of colour vision
High spatial acuity
103
What does acuity mean?
sharpness or quality of vision or hearing
104
What is the auditory system made up of?
the outer, middle, and
inner ear, all of which work together to transfer sounds from the environment to
the brain.
105
What is the main nerve implicated in the ear?
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN 8)
106
How does the process of hearing begin?
begins with the occurrence of a sound. Sound is initiated when an event moves and causes a motion or vibration in air. When this air movement stimulates the ear, a sound is heard.
107
What is the pinna?
e is a concave cartilaginous structure, which collects and directs sound waves traveling in air into the ear canal or external auditory meatus
108
The inner two-thirds of the ear canal is imbedded____
temporal bone
109
The outer one-third of the canal is ___
cartilage
110
The ear canal directs airborne sound waves towards_____
the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
111
The ear canal maintains the proper conditions of _______ and ______ necessary to preserve the elasticity of the tympanic membrane.
Temperature and humidity
112
What are the protection against damaging the tympanic membrane?
cerumen (earwax) and tiny hairs in the ear canal
113
What is the middle ear made up of?
the tympanic membrane and cavity, the ossicles, the eustachian tube and the mastoid
114
What is the outer ear made up of?
the pinna/auricle and the ear canal.
115
What is the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?
- grey-pink in color when healthy and consists of three very thin layers of living tissue
- m transmits the airborne vibrations from the outer to the middle ear and also assists in the protection of the middle and inner ear.
116
What does the eustachian tube acts as?
an air pressure equalizer and ventilates the middle ear.
117
What happens whent eh eustachian tube opens?
the air pressure between the outer and middle ear is equalized. The transmission of sound through the eardrum is optimal when the air pressure is equalized between the outer and middle ear
118
What happens when the air pressure between the outer and middle ear is unequal?
the eardrum is forced outward or inward causing
| discomfort and the ability of the eardrum to transmit sound is reduced.
119
What are ossicles?
three smallest bones in the body: the malleus, incus, and stapes (Hammer, anvil and stirrup respectively)
120
Which is the smallest ossicle?
stapes
121
Which ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
malleus
122
What is between the malleus and stapes?
incus
123
Attached to the ossicles are two tiny muscles. What are they?
the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
124
Function of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles?
These muscles contract to protect the inner ear, by reducing the intensity of sound transmission to the inner ear from external
sounds and vocal transmission
125
What is mastoid?
Bony ridge behind the auricle that connects with the middle ear
126
What is the inner ear made of?
f the sensory organ for hearing—the cochlea, as well as for balance—the vestibular
127
What is the balance part of the ear referred to?
the vestibular apparatus.
128
Location of the vestibular apparatus:
composed, in part, of three semicircular canals located within the inner ear.
129
Function of the vestibular apparatus:
helps to maintain balance, regardless of head position or gravity, in conjunction with eye movement and somatosensory input.
130
What are the semicircular canals innervated by?
the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear)
131
What is the hearing part of the ear called?
Cochlea.
132
The cochlea is composed of three fluid-filled chambers that extend thelength of the structure . What is the two outer chaners filled with?
fluid called perilymph
133
What is the perilymph connected to?
the CSF that surrounds the brain and the spinal column.
134
What is the cochlear duct?
The third fluid filled chamber is the center chamber,
135
What is the cochlear duct filled with?
fluid called
| endolymph
136
What is the organ of corti?
a sensory organ essential to hearing on the basilar membrane.
137
What is inside organ of corti?
approximately 30,000
finger-like projections of cilia that are arranged in rows. These cilia are referred to as hair cells. Each hair cell is connected to a nerve fiber that relays various impulses to the cochlear branch of the VIIIth cranial nerve or auditory
nerve.
138
Pitch is dependent on____
which areas of the basilar membrane is stimulated
139
How do we hear? (outer ear)
Air transmitted sound waves are directed toward the delicate hearing mechanisms with the help of the outer ear, first by the pinna, which gently funnels sound waves into the ear canal, then by the ear canal.
140
How do we hear? (middle ear)
When air movement strikes the tympanic membrane, it
moves. At this point, the energy generated through a sound wave is transferred from a medium of air to that
which is solid in the middle ear. The ossicular chain of the middle ear connects to the eardrum via the malleus, so that any motion of the eardrum sets the three little bones of the ossicular chain into motion.
141
How do we hear? (inner ear)
The ossicular chain transfers energy from a solid medium to the fluid medium of the inner ear via the stapes. The stapes is attached to the oval window. Movement of thevoval window creates motion in the cochlear fluid and along the Basilar membrane. Motion along the basilar membrane excites frequency specific areas of the Organ of
Corti, which in turn stimulates a series of nerve endings.
142
How do we hear? (brain)
With the initiation of the nerve impulses, another change in medium occurs: from fluid to neural. Nerve impulses are relayed through the 8th cranial nerve, through various
nuclei along the auditory pathway to areas to the brain. It is the brain that interprets the neural impulses and creates
a thought, picture, or other recognized symbol
