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Year 1 > Neurosensory > Flashcards

Neurosensory Flashcards

1
Q

With regards the cell body, what direction does a

dendrite carry the impulse?

A

Towards the cell body

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2
Q

Think about the action potential. During

repolarization, what happens?

A

K+ efflux

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3
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system keeps us
alert and prepared for fight or flight
response’ TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

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4
Q

What is the nervous system?

A
  • a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body
  • is an organ system that coordinates voluntary and
    involuntary actions that allows us to react to the changing environment around
    us
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5
Q

Neurons send signals along thin fibers called____

A

axons

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6
Q

How do neurons communicate to other cells?

A

by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters at cell-cell junctions called
synapses

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7
Q

In humans, which two nervus system do we have?

A

central and peripheral

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8
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A
  • sensory neurons

- motor neurons

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10
Q

Motor neurons can be futher subdivided into______

A

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS

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11
Q

Autonomic NS can be further subdivided into_____

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

The nervous system has a sensory imput. What does this mean?

A

Sensory input comes from the many sensory receptors that monitor changes occurring
both inside and outside the body. The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what actions should be taken

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13
Q

How does the nervous system primarily communicate information throughout the body?

A

by extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors.
This sensory input is sent to the central nervous system, which determines an appropriate
response.

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14
Q

What are the lobes of the brain called?

A

Parietal
frontal
temporal
occipital

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15
Q

The frontal lobe and parietal lobe can be seperated by ____

A

The central sulcus

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16
Q

Just above the hypothalmus is_____

A

the thalamus

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17
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland are connected by what?

A

the infundibulum

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18
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

Bundle of fibres that connect both hemispheres in the brain

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19
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

How many nerves are there?

A

8,12,5,5,1

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21
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

7,12,5,5,4

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22
Q

Why are there more nerves than verterbrae?

A

because the location of the C1 exits the spinal cord. C1 nerve exits just above the C1 verterbrae therefore more nerves than verterbrae.

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23
Q

Names the sections of each nerve/verterbrae?

A 
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar
sacral 
coccygeal
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24
Q

What is the difference between white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

white matter carries myelinated fibres and grey matter contains the cell nuclei.

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25
Q

What unique about the spinal cord in the cervical region?

A

there is a high proportion of white matter to grey matter

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26
Q

What unique about the spinal cord in the sacral region?

A

there is a high proportion of grey matter to white matter

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27
Q

What singal comes in through the dorsal root?

A

sensory

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28
Q

What singal comes in through the ventral root?

A

motor

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29
Q

Dorsal is located where on the spinal cord?

A

posterior

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30
Q

Ventral is located where on the spinal cord?

A

anterior

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31
Q

Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply to?

A
  • Most of the frontal lobe
  • The front 4/5 of the corpus callosum
  • Deep structures such as the internal capsule (ant) and caudate nucleus
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32
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery supply to?

A

Lateral aspect of hemispheres

  • Mainly parietal and temporal
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
  • Basal ganglia and internal capsule
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33
Q

Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply to?

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • Visual cortex
  • Thalamus
  • Posterior limb of internal capsule
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34
Q

What does CSF mean?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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35
Q

The ventricle system is made up of how many ventricles?

A

4

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36
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexus

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37
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

the floor of the lateral ventricles.

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38
Q

Explain the movement of CSF from the ventricles

A
  • from lateral ventricles it passes through the foramen of monroe
  • into the roof og thr 3rd ventricle
  • then passes the aqueduct of sylvius
  • into the posterior roof of 4th ventricle
  • then it splits either to the foramen of luschka or foramen of magendie
  • then out to the subarachnoif space and into arachnoid granulations
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39
Q

Anatomy of the venous drainage from the brain?

A
  • brain drains to superior sagittal sinus
  • then confluence of sinuses
  • that joins with the inferior petrosal sinus to form…
  • transverse sinus
  • then signmoid sinus
  • internal jugylar vein (way back
  • braciocephaliic trunk
  • Superior vena cava
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40
Q

Anatomy of the venous drainage from the eye?

A
  • eye drains to cavernous sinus
  • then superior petrosal sinus
  • inferior petrosal sinus
  • that joins with the confluence of sinuses to form…
  • transverse sinus
  • then signmoid sinus
  • internal jugylar vein (way back
  • braciocephaliic trunk
  • Superior vena cava
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41
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves called?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Aducent
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulcochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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42
Q

Where do the cranial nerves emerge from?

A

Brain or brain stem

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43
Q

How many cranial nerves comes from the brain stem?

A

10/12

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44
Q

Which cranial nerves dont come from the brani stem?

A

Optic and Olfactory

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45
Q

What is the function of cranial nerves?

A

relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck

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46
Q

Function of: Olfactory

A

Smell

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47
Q

Function of: Optic

A

Vision

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48
Q

Function of: Oculomotor

A
  • eye movement and pupil reflex

- 4 extrinsic eye muscles & levator palpibrae superioris, also pupillary sphincter

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49
Q

Function of: Trochlear

A
  • eye movement

- Superior oblique muscle

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50
Q

Function of: Trigeminal

A
  • Face sensation and chewing

- Ophthalmic, maxillary & mandibular (x3)

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51
Q

Function of: Abducent

A
  • eye movement

- Lateral rectus muscle

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52
Q

Function of: Facial

A
  • Face movemnt and taste

- Sensation, taste and muscles of facial expression. Submandibular and Sublingual P

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53
Q

Function of: Vestibulocochlear

A

-Hearing and balance

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54
Q

Function of: Glossopharyngeal

A
  • thoat sensation, taste and swallowing

- Taste, parotid gland, carotid body, ext ear

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55
Q

Function of: Vagus

A
  • movement, sensation and abdominal organs

- Taste, pharynx and larynx muscles, viscera of thorax and abdomen & external ear

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56
Q

Function of: Accessory

A
  • Neck movements

- Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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57
Q

Function of: Hypoglossal

A
  • Movement, sensation and abdominal organs

- Tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)

58
Q

Origin of: Olfactory

A

Cerebrum

59
Q

Origin of: Optic

A

Cerebrum

60
Q

Origin of: Oculamotor

A

Midbrain-Pons junction S

61
Q

Origin of: Trochlear

A

Midbrain

62
Q

Origin of: Trigeminal

A

Pons

63
Q

Origin of: Aducent

A

Pontine-Medulla junction

64
Q

Origin of: Facial

A

Pontine-Medulla junction In

65
Q

Origin of: Vestibulocochlear

A

Pontine-Medulla junction

66
Q

Origin of: Glossopharyngeal

A

Medulla Oblongata

67
Q

Origin of: Vagus

A

Medulla Oblongata

68
Q

Origin of: Accessory

A

Medulla Oblongata

69
Q

Origin of: Hypoglossal

A

Medulla Oblongata

70
Q

Exit of: Olfactory

A

Cribriform plate

71
Q

Exit of: Optic

A

Optic canal

72
Q

Exit of: Oculomotor

A

Superior orbital fissure

73
Q

Exit of: Trochlear

A

Superior orbital fissure

74
Q

Exit of: Trigeminal

A

Varied (SOF, FRot, FOval)

75
Q

Exit of: Abducent

A

Superior orbital fissure

76
Q

Exit of: Facial

A

Internal acoustic meatus

77
Q

Exit of: Vestibulocochlear

A

Internal acoustic meatus

78
Q

Exit of: Glossopharyngeal

A

Jugular foramen

79
Q

Exit of: Vagus

A

Jugular foramen

80
Q

Exit of: Accessory

A

Jugular foramen

81
Q

Exit of: Hypoglossal

A

Hypoglossal canal

82
Q

What is the posterior wall of the eye called?

A

Annulus of Zinn

83
Q

What is the innervation of the superior oblique muscle?

A

CN4(trochlear)

84
Q

The medial rectus muscle of the eye is involved with___

A

Adduction-vtowards the nose

85
Q

What is the innervation of the Lateral Rectus muscle?

A

CN6 (Abducent)

86
Q

The lateral rectus muscle of the eye is involved with___

A

Abduction- towards the ear

87
Q

The Superior rectus muscle of the eye is involved with___

A

Elevation
adduction
Intorsion

88
Q

The Superior oblique muscle of the eye is involved with___

A

Depression
Abduction
Introsion

89
Q

The inferior oblique muscle of the eye is involved with___

A

Elevation
abduction
extorsion

90
Q

Name the 6 voluntary eye muslces?

A 
Superior oblique 
Superior rectus 
Medial Rectus 
Lateral Rectus
Inferior rectus 
Inferior oblique
91
Q

What are the three coats surrounding the eye?

A

Fibrous coat
Vascular pigmented coat
Nervous coat

92
Q

What is the fibrous coat made up of?

A

Sclera

Cornea

93
Q

What is the vascular oigmented coat made up of?

A

Choroid

Ciliary body

94
Q

What is the nervous coat made up of?

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Blind spot- optic disc
Mascula Lutea

95
Q

What is the pathway to the visual cortex?

A

• The optic nerve runs to the optic chiasm
• The optic tract runs from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate
nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus
• From the LGN, fibres pass posteriorly through the optic radiations to
reach the primary visual cortex (in the occipital lobe)

96
Q

What does anopia mean?

A

Blind

97
Q

What does homonymous hemianopsia mean?

A

half blind in left and right eye. Same side

98
Q

What does bitemporal hemianopsia mean?

A

Blindness half of both eyes but opposite sides.

99
Q

What are photoreceptors cells?

A

e specialised neurones that are capable of
photo transduction.
Rods and cones

100
Q

How doe photoreceptors work?

A

They absorb photos triggering membrane potentials converting light
into biological messages

101
Q

Rods:

A

Responsible for vision at low light levels
No colour vision
Low spatial acuity

102
Q

Cones:

A

Active at higher light levels
Capable of colour vision
High spatial acuity

103
Q

What does acuity mean?

A

sharpness or quality of vision or hearing

104
Q

What is the auditory system made up of?

A

the outer, middle, and
inner ear, all of which work together to transfer sounds from the environment to
the brain.

105
Q

What is the main nerve implicated in the ear?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN 8)

106
Q

How does the process of hearing begin?

A

begins with the occurrence of a sound. Sound is initiated when an event moves and causes a motion or vibration in air. When this air movement stimulates the ear, a sound is heard.

107
Q

What is the pinna?

A

e is a concave cartilaginous structure, which collects and directs sound waves traveling in air into the ear canal or external auditory meatus

108
Q

The inner two-thirds of the ear canal is imbedded____

A

temporal bone

109
Q

The outer one-third of the canal is ___

A

cartilage

110
Q

The ear canal directs airborne sound waves towards_____

A

the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

111
Q

The ear canal maintains the proper conditions of _______ and ______ necessary to preserve the elasticity of the tympanic membrane.

A

Temperature and humidity

112
Q

What are the protection against damaging the tympanic membrane?

A

cerumen (earwax) and tiny hairs in the ear canal

113
Q

What is the middle ear made up of?

A

the tympanic membrane and cavity, the ossicles, the eustachian tube and the mastoid

114
Q

What is the outer ear made up of?

A

the pinna/auricle and the ear canal.

115
Q

What is the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?

A
  • grey-pink in color when healthy and consists of three very thin layers of living tissue
  • m transmits the airborne vibrations from the outer to the middle ear and also assists in the protection of the middle and inner ear.
116
Q

What does the eustachian tube acts as?

A

an air pressure equalizer and ventilates the middle ear.

117
Q

What happens whent eh eustachian tube opens?

A

the air pressure between the outer and middle ear is equalized. The transmission of sound through the eardrum is optimal when the air pressure is equalized between the outer and middle ear

118
Q

What happens when the air pressure between the outer and middle ear is unequal?

A

the eardrum is forced outward or inward causing

discomfort and the ability of the eardrum to transmit sound is reduced.

119
Q

What are ossicles?

A

three smallest bones in the body: the malleus, incus, and stapes (Hammer, anvil and stirrup respectively)

120
Q

Which is the smallest ossicle?

A

stapes

121
Q

Which ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

122
Q

What is between the malleus and stapes?

A

incus

123
Q

Attached to the ossicles are two tiny muscles. What are they?

A

the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

124
Q

Function of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles?

A

These muscles contract to protect the inner ear, by reducing the intensity of sound transmission to the inner ear from external
sounds and vocal transmission

125
Q

What is mastoid?

A

Bony ridge behind the auricle that connects with the middle ear

126
Q

What is the inner ear made of?

A

f the sensory organ for hearing—the cochlea, as well as for balance—the vestibular

127
Q

What is the balance part of the ear referred to?

A

the vestibular apparatus.

128
Q

Location of the vestibular apparatus:

A

composed, in part, of three semicircular canals located within the inner ear.

129
Q

Function of the vestibular apparatus:

A

helps to maintain balance, regardless of head position or gravity, in conjunction with eye movement and somatosensory input.

130
Q

What are the semicircular canals innervated by?

A

the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear)

131
Q

What is the hearing part of the ear called?

A

Cochlea.

132
Q

The cochlea is composed of three fluid-filled chambers that extend thelength of the structure . What is the two outer chaners filled with?

A

fluid called perilymph

133
Q

What is the perilymph connected to?

A

the CSF that surrounds the brain and the spinal column.

134
Q

What is the cochlear duct?

A

The third fluid filled chamber is the center chamber,

135
Q

What is the cochlear duct filled with?

A

fluid called

endolymph

136
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

a sensory organ essential to hearing on the basilar membrane.

137
Q

What is inside organ of corti?

A

approximately 30,000
finger-like projections of cilia that are arranged in rows. These cilia are referred to as hair cells. Each hair cell is connected to a nerve fiber that relays various impulses to the cochlear branch of the VIIIth cranial nerve or auditory
nerve.

138
Q

Pitch is dependent on____

A

which areas of the basilar membrane is stimulated

139
Q

How do we hear? (outer ear)

A

Air transmitted sound waves are directed toward the delicate hearing mechanisms with the help of the outer ear, first by the pinna, which gently funnels sound waves into the ear canal, then by the ear canal.

140
Q

How do we hear? (middle ear)

A

When air movement strikes the tympanic membrane, it
moves. At this point, the energy generated through a sound wave is transferred from a medium of air to that
which is solid in the middle ear. The ossicular chain of the middle ear connects to the eardrum via the malleus, so that any motion of the eardrum sets the three little bones of the ossicular chain into motion.

141
Q

How do we hear? (inner ear)

A

The ossicular chain transfers energy from a solid medium to the fluid medium of the inner ear via the stapes. The stapes is attached to the oval window. Movement of thevoval window creates motion in the cochlear fluid and along the Basilar membrane. Motion along the basilar membrane excites frequency specific areas of the Organ of
Corti, which in turn stimulates a series of nerve endings.

142
Q

How do we hear? (brain)

A

With the initiation of the nerve impulses, another change in medium occurs: from fluid to neural. Nerve impulses are relayed through the 8th cranial nerve, through various
nuclei along the auditory pathway to areas to the brain. It is the brain that interprets the neural impulses and creates
a thought, picture, or other recognized symbol

Year 1 (23 decks)

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