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HARC - MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

A
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2
Q

Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

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3
Q

Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

A
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5
Q

Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

A
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6
Q

Basic Principles of MSK

A
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7
Q

Basic Principles of MSK

A
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8
Q

The skull

A
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9
Q

What is pterion?

A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Spinal cord

A
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12
Q

Intervertebral discs

A
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13
Q

ARM ANTERIOR:

What is this superficial muscle and what its function?

A

Biceps brachii – FLEXES ARM/SUPINATES FOREARM

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14
Q

ARM ANTERIOR:

What is the deeper muscles and what are their functions?

A

Brachialis – FLEXES THE FOREARM

Coracobrachialis – WEAKLY ADDUCTS/FLEXES ARM

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15
Q

ARM ANTERIOR:

What nerve innervates these muscles?

Biceps Brachii

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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16
Q

ARM POSTERIOR:

What muscle is this? And what is its function?

And what is it inervated by?

A

Triceps brachii – EXTENDS FOREARM

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17
Q

FOREARM ANTERIOR:

What is the superficial muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

Pronator Teres – PRONATE FOREARM

Flexor carpi radialis – FLEX AND ABDUCT WRIST

Palmaris Longus – FLEXES WRIST

Flexor carpi ulnaris – FLEX AND ADDUCT WRIST

MEDIAN NERVE​

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18
Q

FOREARM ANTERIOR:

What is the deep muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

At the bottom…

Pronator quadratus – PRONATES THE FOREARM

Left to right…

Flexor pollicis longus – FLEXES THE THUMB

Flexor digitorum profundus – FLEXES DISTAL PHALANGES

MEDIAN NERVE​

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19
Q

FOREARM POSTERIOR:

What is the superficial muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

B Brachioradialis (missing) – FLEXES FOREARM

U Extensor carpi ulnaris – EXTENDS/ADDUCTS WRIST

M Extensor digit minimi – EXTENDS WRIST & LITTLE FINGER

D Extensor digitorum – EXTENDS MEDIAL 4 DIGITS

A Anconeus – EXTENDS AND STABILISES THE ELBOW

R Extensor carpi radialis brevis – EXTENDS/ABDUCTS WRIST

R Extensor carpi radialis longus – EXTENDS/ABDUCTS WRIST

RADIAL NERVE

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20
Q

FOREARM POSTERIOR:

What is the deep muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

Left to right…

I Extensor indices – EXTENDS THE INDEX FINGER

E Extensor pollicis longus – EXTENDS THE THUMB

E Extensor pollicis brevis– EXTENDS THE THUMB

A Abductor pollicis longus – ABDUCTS THE THUMB

S Supinator - SUPINATES FOREARM

POSTERIOR INTEROSSEUS NERVE

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21
Q

Shoulder anterior

A
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22
Q

Shoulder anterior

A
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23
Q

Shoulder anterior

A
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24
Q

Shoulder posterior

A
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25
Q

Shoulder posterior

A
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26
Q

Shoulder Posterior

A
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27
Q

The Rotator cuff muscles

A
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28
Q

The Rotator cuff muscles

A
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29
Q

The Rotator cuff muscles

A
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30
Q

The Thorax

A
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31
Q

The Thorax

A
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32
Q

GLUTEAL REGION:

What is the superficial muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

Ma Gluteus Maximus – EXTENDS/MEDIALLY ROTATES THE THIGH

Me Gluteus Medius – ABDUCTS/MEDIALLY ROTATES THE THIGH

Mi Gluteus Minimus – ABDUCTS/MEDIALLY ROTATES THE THIGH (Tensor Fascia Latae – FLEXES & ABDUCTS THIGH)

Ma – Inferior gluteal nerve

Me/Mi/T – Superior gluteal nerve

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33
Q

GLUTEAL REGION:

What is the deep muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

O Obturator Internus – ABDUCTS FLEXED THIGH & ABDUCTS/LATERALLY ROTATES EXTENDED HIP

GS Gemellus Superior - LATERALLY ROTATES EXTENDED THIGH

GI Gemellus Inferior – LATERALLY ROTATES EXTENDED THIGH

P Piriformis – LATERALLY ROTATES THE THIGH

Q Quadratus Femoris – ADDUCTS/LATERALLY ROTATES THE THIGH

P – Piriformis nerve

GS&O – Obturator nerve

GI&Q – Quadratus nerve

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34
Q

THIGH ANTERIOR:

What are muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

L F M S

A

Left to right…

L Vastus lateralis – EXTENDS LEG

F Rectus Femoris – EXTENDS LEG & FLEXES THIGH

M Vastus Medialis – EXTENDS LEG

S Sartorius – FLEXES/ABDUCTS/LAT ROTATES THIGH. FLEXES LEG

FEMORAL NERVE

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35
Q

THIGH ANTERIOR:

What are muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

I Iliacus – FLEXES THIGH

P Psoas Major – FLEXES THIGH

FEMORAL NERVE

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36
Q

What are the Quad muscles

A

Vastus Lateralis

Rectus Femoris

Vastus Medialis

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37
Q

What are the iliopsoas muscles?

A

iliacus

psoas major

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38
Q

THIGH MEDIAL:

What are the muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

G Gracilis – ADDUCTS THIGH AND FLEXES LEG

L Adductor Longus – ADDUCTS & MEDIALLY ROTATES THIGH

B Adductor Brevis – ADDUCTS & MEDIALLY ROTATES THIGH

M Adductor Mangus – ADDUCTS & MEDIALLY ROTATES THIGH

P Pectineus – ADDUCTS/MEDIALLY ROTATES THIGH (Obturator Externus – LATERALLY ROTATES HIP)

P – Femoral nerve

Adductors/G/O – Obturator nerve

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39
Q

THIGH POSTERIOR:

What are the muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

M Semimembranosus – FLEXES/MEDIALLY ROTATES LEG

T Semitendanosus – FLEXES/MEDIALLY ROTATES LEG

B Biceps Femoris – EXTENDS THIGH/FLEXES LEG

SCIATIC NERVE

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40
Q

LOWER LEG ANTERIOR:

What are the muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

Fibularis/Peroneus tertius – DORSIFLEXES & EVERTS FOOT

Extensor digitorum longus – DORSIFLEXES FOOT & EXTENDS TOES

Extensor Hallucis longus – DORSIFLEXES FOOT & EXTENDS BIG TOE

Tibialis anterior - DORSIFLEXES & INVERTS FOOT

THE DEEP BRANCH OF THE COMMON PERONEAL NERVE

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41
Q

LOWER LEG LATERAL:

What are the muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Left to right…

Fibularis/Peroneus Longus – PLANTARFLEXES & EVERTS FOOT Fibularis/Peroneus Brevis – PLANTARFLEXES & EVERTS FOOT

THE SUPERFICIAL BRANCH OF THE COMMON PERONEAL NERVE

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42
Q

LOWER LEG POSTERIOR:

What are the superficial muscles shown on the picture?

What is its functions?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Top to bottom…

Plantaris – PLANTARFLEX FOOT AND FLEX KNEE

Gastrocnemius – PLANTARFLEX FOOT AND FLEX KNEE

Soleus – PLANTARFLEX FOOT

THE TIBIAL BRANCH OF THE SCIATIC NERVE

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43
Q

Bone

Remodeling Cycle

A
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44
Q

These hormones would take action if the paitent was hypOcalcemic

A
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45
Q

Vitamin D: Step 1

A
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46
Q

Vitamin D: Step 2

A
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47
Q

Vitamin D: Step 3

A
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48
Q

Vitamin D Summary:

A
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49
Q

What is the pectoral girdle composed of?

A

Scapula and Clavicle

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50
Q

Is the pectoral girdle part of the appendicular or axial skeleton?

A

appendicular

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51
Q
A
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52
Q

What joints are involved in the pectoral girdle?

What type of joints are they?

What are their function?

A

Sternoclavicular - synovial plane joint. Increases freedom of movement for scapula. Mostly slight protraction/retraction and elevation/depression

Acromioclavicular - Synovial plane joint. Gliding movement.

Glenohumeral - Synovial ball and socket. full range of circumduction plus protraction/retraction and medial/lateral rotation.

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53
Q

What joints are involved in the elbow?

What type of joints are they?

What are their function?

A

Radiohumeral - Synovial ball and socket. Mainly pronation/supination. It goes through the flexion/extension passively.

Ulnohumeral - Synovial hinge. Flexion/extension.

Proximal radioulnar - Synovial pivot joint. Permits pronation/supination

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54
Q

What are the five characteristics of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Capsule,
  2. Supporting ligaments,
  3. Joint cavity,
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Synovial
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55
Q

Can you classify the bones into axial or appendicular?

A

The axial skeleton makes up our central axis and consists of the following bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles. The girdles are the attachment points for the limbs

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56
Q

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

Triceps brachii

To which compartments do these muscles belong?

What is their nerve supply?

A

BBC → Anterior compartment of upper arm – Musculocutaneous nerve

Triceps brachi → Posterior compartment of upper arm – Radial nerve

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57
Q
A
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58
Q
A
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60
Q

What is the primary function of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Rotator cuff forms protective sheath for shoulder joint behind, on top and in front. It lacks inferiorly hence shoulder dislocations occurs through this pathway

61
Q

Shoulder

62
Q

Elbow

A

radial annular ligament

radial collateral ligament

Ulnar collateral ligament

63
Q

Elbow ligaments

64
Q

Elbow Ligaments

65
Q

What is the importance of the radial annular ligament (RAL)?

What 2 movements of the forearm occur here?

A

: Head of radius held against ulna by annular ligament. Allows head of radius to rotate within ligament for supination and pronation

66
Q

Name all the carpal bones?

A

scaphoid.

lunate.

triquetral.

pisiform.

hamate

capitate.

trapezium.

trapezoid.

.

67
Q

Which carpal bone is the largest?

68
Q
  • Which carpal bone has a hook?
69
Q

Which carpal bone is the smallest?

70
Q

Which carpal bone is a sesamoid bone?

71
Q

Which carpal bone is under the thumb?

72
Q

Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?

A

Scaphoid and lunate

73
Q

Which carpal bones articulate with the ulna?

A

Trick question – the ulna does not articulate with the carpal bones. There is a triangular fibrocartilage disc instead

74
Q

Bones of the hand are called?

A

the metacarpals and phalanges

75
Q

How many phalanges are there in your body?

76
Q

What is the significance of the blood supply of the scaphoid?

Where can you palpate the scaphoid? What else is in this region?

A

Palpable in anatomical snuffbox. Shape and blood supply are important. Has a narrow waist which is prone to fracture on outstretched hand. Since proximal portion articulates with radius, blood vessels can only enter the proximal portion through the distal waist and ascend upwards. If the waist is fractured, the proximal portion may undergo avascular necrosis.

77
Q
A

scaphoid.

lunate.

triquetral.

pisiform.

trapezium.

trapezoid.

capitate.

hamate

79
Q

how many muscle groups are in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Three – Superficial, Intermediate and Deep flexors

80
Q

how many muscle groups are in the posterior compartment?

81
Q

Which nerve is associated with the ‘funny bone?’

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow during its superficial course behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus (you can see the groove it takes).

83
Q

Can you name the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Tendons of digitorum supericialis,

flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus

median nerve.

84
Q

What structure forms the roof of this tunnel?

To which bones is this structure attached?

A

The flexor retinaculum running from trapezium and scaphoid laterally to pisiform and hamate medially.

86
Q

Innervation

87
Q

A patient complains of loss of feeling in the lateral three and a half digits on her left hand. She also has muscle wasting of the thumb and complains of difficulty fastening buttons

What condition is this and which nerve is affected?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome.

The median nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the lateral 3 ½ digits is being compressed within the carpal tunnel. Atrophy of the thenar eminence is also caused by this and results in difficulty in opposition of the thumb

88
Q

If you see a patient with hypothenar wasting =

A

think of ulnar nerve lesion

89
Q

If you see a patient with thenar wasting =

A

think median nerve lesion

90
Q

If you see patient with both thenar and hypothenar =

A

think brachial plexus lesion and/or T1 compression (such as Pancoast’s tumour in lung cancer)

91
Q

Can you articulate C1 and C2 together?

93
Q

What type of joint is made between skull and C1 and between C1 and C2, and what type of movement does it produce?

A

A synovial pivot joint between the odontoid process/dens (C2) and the anterior arch of C1. It permits lateral rotation (shaking your head “no”). Skull and C1 is nodding movement – saying “yes”

94
Q

Which features allow the vertebral arteries a passageway through the neck?

A

Transverse foramina (foramina transversarium). Small holes in the transverse process allow the vertebral arteries to pass between C6 and C1, before entering the skull through the foramen magnum

95
Q

How bones are in the skull?

96
Q

Name these

A

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

temporal

Sphenoid

Zygomatic

Ethmoid

Mandibular

Maxilla

Lacrimal

Nasal

Volmer

100
Q

: What is the function of the IV discs, and which type of joint are they part of?

A

It forms a symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint) between the two vertebrae. Serving to separate them and allow passage of the spinal nerves. They also provide an effective mechanism of distributing and dampening hydraulic pressure under compressive loading.

104
Q
A

Coracoid process

Acromion

105
Q

How does the clavicle articulate with the scapula?

A

The acromioclavicular joint is a synovial plane joint formed between the acromion process and the lateral margin of the clavicle.

107
Q

: Between which of the intercostal layers does the neurovascular bundle of the costal groove run?

A

Between the innermost and internal intercostal muscle layers.

108
Q

Functions of the following muscles

Serratus anterior

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

A

Serratus anterior - Protraction and stabilisation of scapula, essential for flexion of the arm at the shoulder. Resists scapular winging.

Pectoralis major - Adduction, medial rotation and flexion of the shoulder. Accessory muscle of respiration.

Pectoralis minor - Depression and rotation of scapula. Assists in elevation of ribs.

109
Q

The long thoracic nerve (“of Bell”) innervates serratus anterior and is prone to damage during surgery and lymph node removal for breast cancer – what would be the resulting effect to serratus anterior?

A

Winging of the scapula due to the course of the nerve over the medial wall of the axilla.

110
Q

Functions of the following muscles?

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversalis abdominis

A

Rectus abdominis (with linea alba and semilunaris) - Flexion of lumbar vertebral column.

External oblique - Unilateral contraction=rotation of trunk. Bilateral for compression and stabilisation.

Internal oblique - Unilateral contraction = rotation of trunk. Bilateral for compression and stabilisation.

Transversalis abdominis - Abdominal compression and stability.

114
Q

What are attachments of the capsule of the hip joint?

A

Anterior: acetabular margin to the intertrochanteric line. Posterior: acetabular margin to about half-way down the neck of the femur. Inferior: extends somewhat down medial border of the femur to provide some slack on abduction of the lower limb .

117
Q

What and where are the 2 anastomoses that supply head of femur and hip joint?

A

Cruciate and trochanteric posterior to hip joint and neck of femur. Receive blood from gluteal and obturator arteries (from internal iliac) and from circumflex branches of profunda femoris.

118
Q

Why might avascular necrosis of the femoral head occur if femoral neck is fractured?

A

Same reason as scaphoid necrosis – blood supply supplies the head of femur and joint from distal to proximal so a fracture of the neck would rupture the blood supply.

120
Q

What is the primary function of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?

A

They act together to abduct the thigh and in conjunction with the fascia lata of the thigh, which help you stand on one leg. They prevent the pelvis from dropping on the other side thereby allowing a smooth and balanced gait by balancing the pelvis.

121
Q

If they were paralysed, how would this be presented in the patient’s gait?

A

If gluteus medius and minimus are paralysed on one side, this is would result in a waddling gait called Trendelbergs sign.

122
Q

What is the innervation for these 3 muscles? And where do these nerves originate from?

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and gluteus maximus

A

Superior gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. Inferior gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus maximus

124
Q

 Rectus femoris

 Vastus lateralis

 Vastus medialis

 Vastus intermedius

What group are these muscles in?

A

Quadriceps Femoris

125
Q

Name the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Vastus intermedius

126
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

 Biceps femoris

 Semimembranosus

 Semitendinosus

127
Q

What are the muscles of the medial adductor compartment?

A

 Adductor magnus

 Adductor longus

 Adductor brevis

 Gracilis

128
Q

The sciatic nerve is the biggest nerve of the thigh – how does it get from the pelvis and into the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

131
Q

What type of joint is formed between these proximal parts of these two bones?

A

The proximal tibiofibular joint is a primary cartilaginous joint. The distal tibiofibular joint is a syndesmosis.

133
Q

What are the 7 tarsal bones?

A

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms (medial, middle, lateral)

134
Q

How many tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges are in the toe?

A

7 t

5 m

14 p

135
Q

The common fibular nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula as it enters the lateral compartment of the leg – if the nerve is damaged by say a fracture to the neck of the fibula, what would be the resulting effect?

A

: Foot drop

138
Q

Can you articulate the head of the talus with the inferior surface of the tibia? What shape is this called?

A

A mortice joint – stable when the joint is flat but unstable when moved in a plantarflexion direction – like when you wear heels and the ankle joint becomes unstable and wobbly.

139
Q

Ligaments of the Ankle Joint

Lateral ligaments:

A

 Calcaneofibular: runs from the calcaneus to the fibula

 Posterior talofibular: runs from the talus to the posterior part of the fibula

 Anterior talofibular: runs from talus to anterior part of the fibula

140
Q

Ligaments of the Ankle Joint

Medial Ligaments:

A

 Deltoid (medial): runs from medial malleolus and spreads out in a triangle shape

141
Q

What is the function of the cruciate ligaments?

A

To prevent anterior and posterior displacement.

142
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments?

A

to prevent lateral or medial displacement.

144
Q

How might you test whether a patient has a damaged ACL? Damaged PCL? Damaged collateral ligaments?

A

Anterior draw test most common method. Most ACL injuries are sustained through nonimpact injury as a result of excessive translation. Posterior draw test for PCL.

145
Q

What is the function of a meniscus?

A

: Their most important function is to increase the area of contact between the femoral condyle and tibia. It also acts as a reservoir for synovial fluid, which is released at the point of articulation under compressive loading.

146
Q

There are three muscle compartments that are found in the leg

What are they?

A

Posterior compartment: superficial and deep parts

 Lateral compartment: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

 Anterior compartment: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus

147
Q
A

 Gastrocnemius

 Soleus

 Popliteus

 Tibialis posterior

 Flexor hallucis longus

 Flexor digitorum longus

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

: tibialis anterior,

extensor hallucis longus

extensor digitorum longus

Year 1 (23 decks)

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