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Year 1 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Which gastrointestinal layer is characterised by having tough, fibrous connective tissue?

A

Serosa

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2
Q

The _____ nervous system division mornally stimulates and promotes digestion

A

Parasympathetic

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3
Q

What type of cell (in the stomach) secretes HCl?

A

parietal

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4
Q

Parasympathetic =

Sympathetic =

A

rest and digest

fight or flight

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5
Q

What is the role of HCl in the stomach

A

keeps the stomach acidic (relatively a pH of 2)

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6
Q 
What do these cells secrete?
Parietal cells:
Chief cells:
Globlet cells:
Delta cells:
A

Parietal cells: HCl and instrinic fac
Chief cells: Pepsinogen
Globlet cells: Mucus
Delta cells: Somatostatin

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7
Q

What is Gastrointestinal system generally about?

A

digestion and converting food into energy and basc nutrients

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8
Q

What is GI made up of?

A 
oral	cavity,	
pharynx,	
oesophagus,	
stomach,	
smallintestine,		
large intestine.
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9
Q

How is digestion achieved?

A

by a combination of nerves, hormones, enzymes and bacteria

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10
Q

DIgestion is important for_____ and ____

A

growth and cell repair

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11
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A thin, serous membrane lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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12
Q

How many peritoneums are there?

A

Split into parietal and visceral peritoneum with a potential space in between

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13
Q

Parietal peritoneum =

A

lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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14
Q

Visceral oeritoneum =

A

lines the organs/vicera

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15
Q

Intraperitoneal =

A

when an organ is completely covered in visceral oeritoneum Eg stomach jejunum and ileum

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16
Q

Retroperitoneal =

A

when an organ lies behind the peritoneum/ is only partly covered by it
eg pancreas, ascending and decending colon

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17
Q

What are the phases on digestion called?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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18
Q

What is te Cephalic phase

A

Smell, sight, thought or intial taste of food that activates nerual centres in the brain and prepares the mouth and stomach for food to be eaten.

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19
Q

What is the Gastric phase?

A

Neural and hormonal mechanisms promote gastric secretion and motility

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20
Q

What is Intestinal phase?

A

When food enters the small intestine and slows exit of chyme from stomach, it stimulates flow of bile and pancreatic juices for digestion from being in the stomach

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21
Q

.

A

.

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22
Q

What lines the tongue?

A

papillae

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23
Q

What type of papillae are on the outer/ tips of the tongue?

A

Fungiform Papillae

  • Round and large
  • Along margins of tongue
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24
Q

What type of papillae are on the centre of the tongue?

A

Filiform Papillae

  • Small, cone shaped (increase SA of the tongue)
  • Mucosal projections
  • NO TASTE BUDS
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25
Q

What type of papillae are on the back of the tongue?

A

Vallate Papillae

  • normally 8-12 in V shape
  • blunt ended, cylindrical
  • largest
  • anterior to terminal sulcus
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26
Q

What are foliate papillae?

A

linear folds od mucosa that lines the sides of the tongue

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27
Q

What are the muscular layers of the stomach?

A

Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique

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28
Q

What is the fundus in the stomach?

A

Gas filled area that you can see on a CT

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29
Q

Cardia is the…….

A

opening of the stomach

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30
Q

What is the largest part in the stomach?

A

the body

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31
Q

Before going into the duodenum from the body , what does the food need to go through?

A

pyloric orfice/sphincter

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32
Q

What are rugae?

A

Circular folds in the stomach which allows the stomach to expand on the digestion of a large meal

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33
Q

Where is the gall bladder located in the liver?

A

Tucked behind the liver (middle)

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34
Q

Which area is the only area that is retroperitoneal in the liver?

A

The bare area ( top of the right lobe)

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35
Q

What divides the left and right lobes?

A

Falciform ligament

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36
Q

What is the importance of the hepatic portal vein?

A

important in the venous drainage

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37
Q

Name all the lobes in the liver?

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

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38
Q

What is in the porta hepatis?

A

hepatic portal vein
Proper hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct

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39
Q

The right and ledt hepatic ducts leave the liver and fuse to form_____

A

the common hepatic duct

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40
Q

The common hepatic duct binds with the systic duct from the gall bladder to go down into the_____

A

the common bile duct

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41
Q

Features of the large intestine

A 
Appendix (bottom of ascending colon)
Ascending colon
Right hepatic flexure (corner)
Transverse colon 
Left hepatic flexure
Decending colon
Rectum
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42
Q

Intervation of the GI tract is______

A

autonomic

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43
Q

GI tract has innervation coming from its own nervous system called____

A

Enteric Nervous system

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44
Q

The autonomic NS acts on the

A

Enteric Nervous system

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45
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic NS

A

rest and digest so increases activity of the enteric NS

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46
Q

What is the role of Sympathetic NS

A

inhibit the activity of the GI tract

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47
Q

Sympathetic NS comes from

A

T5-L2

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48
Q

The sympathetic NS consits of 3 nerves which are called

A

Greater splanchnic nerve
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Lumbar splanchnic nerve

49
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve supplies_____

A

The foregut

50
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerve supplies______

A

The midgut

51
Q

Lumbar splanchnic nerves supplies______

A

The Hindgut

52
Q

The parasympathetic NS consits of

A

the cranial nerve = vagus nerve

the sacral nerve = pelvic splanchnic nerves

53
Q

Vagus nerve supplies _____

A

the foregut and midgut

54
Q

Pelvic Splanchnic nerves supplies___

A

hindgut

55
Q

We refer to sympatheic in GI as

A

thoracolumbar

56
Q

We refer to parasympathetic in GI as

A

Craniosacral

57
Q

What are the names of the two plexus in the enteric nervous system?

A 
Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach's)
Submucosal Plexus (Meissner's)
58
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

⚡Parasympathetic and Sympathetic input
⚡ Innervates the muscular layers of the walls of the GI tract
⚡ Involved in control of gut motility

59
Q

Submucosal Plexus

A

⚡ Parasympathetic input only

⚡ Provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa (near the lumen of the gut)

60
Q

What is the blood supply to the forgut?

A

Supplied by the coeliac trunk

61
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

62
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

The coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and theinferior mesenteric artery are branches of the________

A

Abdominal aorta

64
Q

How is the portal vein creating?

A

by the joining of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

65
Q

What is the role of the portal venous system ?

A

All the venous blood from the GI tract and accessory organs passes through the liver via the portal venous system before returning to the inferior vena cava

66
Q

Inferior mesenteric venin drains to

A

the splenic vein

67
Q

Splenic vein joins with

A

superior mesenteric vein

68
Q

DIgestion starts in the

A

mouth

69
Q

What is in the mouth that aids the digestion porcess?

A

Accessory organs

70
Q

How many teeth are found in the later and anterior edges of the mouth?

A

32

71
Q

What is mastication?

A

It is the mechanical breakdown of food by chewing anf chopping of the teeth

72
Q

Function of rough papillae?

A

for gripping food as it is moved by the tongue muscles

73
Q

What detects the taste molecules in food?

A

the taste buds

74
Q

Absorption of small molecules can happen in the motuh. Examples of small molecules are?

A

glucose and water

75
Q

What are the three glands called that produce saliva?

A

Parotid,
submandibular,
sublingual

76
Q

Properties of parotid gland?

A
  • Large, irregular shape and secretes 25% of saliva
  • Produces a watery secretion rich in protein
  • Immunoglobulins are secreted to fight microorganisms
  • a-amylase to start carbohydrate breakdown
77
Q

Properties of submandibular gland?

A
  • Secretes 70% of saliva
  • Duct opens near frenulum of the tongue
  • Produce a think secretion, rich in mucin (lubricant) and less protein
78
Q

Properties of subligual glands?

A
  • Secretes 5% of saliva (Smallest salivary gland)

- Very sticky secretions due to large amounts of mucin (buffers and lubrication)

79
Q

The oseophagus is_____

A

a muscular tube connection the pharynx to the stomach

80
Q

What is peristalysis?

A

muscular contraction by the inner curcular and outer longitudinal muscles of the oseophagus

81
Q

Function of oseophagus

A

Carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length

82
Q

Where is the lower oseophageal sphincter located?

A

between the oesophagus and stomach

83
Q

Function of the oseiophageal sphincter?

A

it closes to trap food inthe stomach and prevents backflow into the oesophagus

84
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Muscular sac on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the diaphram

85
Q

Properties of the stomach?

A
  • Approx the size of two fists placed next to each other
  • Acts as a storage for food so body has time to digest larger meals
  • Containd HCl to maintian a low acidic pH
  • Has digestive enzymes secreted from gastric pits
  • has rugae (increase SA)
86
Q

Goblets cells secrete______

A

mucus (protects stomach lining)

87
Q

Parietal cells secrete______

A

gastric acid (eg HCl)

88
Q

Chief cells secrete______

A

Pepsinogen (protein presursor)

89
Q

D cells secrete______

A

Somatostaitin (inhibits acids secretion)

90
Q

G cells secrete_______

A

Gastrin (stimulates acid secretion)

91
Q

What is the liver?

A

triangular accessory organ of the digestive system located on the right og the stomach, just inferior to the diaphram

92
Q

Function of the liver?

A
  • Production of bile and metabolism of nutrients

- Detoxification of several metabolities (inc breakdown of bilirubin and oestrogen)

93
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Small, pear shaped organ just inderior to the liver

94
Q

Function of gallbladder

A
  • stores and concentrates bile before releasing it during digetsion
  • recycles excess bile from the small intestine so it can be reused in subsequent meal digestion
95
Q

Bile =

A

thick fluid that emulsifies lipids in the intestines

96
Q

Where is bile released from?

A

gall bladder

97
Q

When is bile released?

A

When it recieves the signal that the duodenum has food present,

98
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Large gland located just inferoposterior to the stomach. Made up of a head, neck, tail and uncinate process.

99
Q

Function of pancreas?

A
  • secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid with chemical digestion of the food
  • secretion of fluid in carbihydrates and inactive enzymes (carbohyrases, lipases, nucleases)
  • secreted in an inactive form to prevent digestion of the pancreas itself
100
Q

Names 3 pancreatic enzymes that have protein as its substrate?

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxy peptidase

101
Q

Name a pancreatic enzyme that has a carbohydrate as a substrate

A

Pancreatic amylase

102
Q

Name 3 pancreatic enzymes that have fats as a substate

A

pancreatic lipase
chloesterol esterase
phospholipase

103
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

104
Q

Function of duodenum

A

mixing function combing digestive secretions (from the pancreas and liver) with the contents that are expelled from the stomach

105
Q

Function of Jejunum

A

Responsible for the majority of digestion and absorption

106
Q

Function of Ileum

A

Longest segment and emoties into the caecum at the ileocaecal junction

107
Q

What happens in the pancreas

A

Food constituents (fats, carbs, proteins) are broken down and absorbed into the blood stream (via villi)

108
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

Long, thich tube located just inderior to the stomach

109
Q

What is the large intestine made up of?

A

appendix, caecum , Asc colon, Transverse colon, Desc colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum

110
Q

What are the walls of the colons made uo of?

A

Haustra (pouches) that are held under tension by thick bands of muscle (taenia coli)

111
Q

Function of large intestine

A
  • absorps water, suhar, salts and vitamins into the body
  • contains many symbiotic bacteria
  • rectum expands to hold faeces
112
Q

What does CCK stand for?

A

Chloecystokinin

113
Q

What does CCK do?

A
  • it is a peptide hormone stimulating the digestion of fat and protein
  • regulator of small intestine digestion
  • intergrator of brain and gut function
114
Q

CCK stimulates____

A

-Pancreatic enzyme secretion
-gall bladder contraction (thereby promoting small
intestine digestion)

115
Q

CCK inhibits_____

A

Food intake and gastric emptying, via vagal afferent neurons (thereby delaying nutrient delivery to the small intestine)

116
Q

Which salivary gland produces th emost saliva

A

Submandibular

117
Q

There is a balance between which two hormones?

A

somatastain and gastrin

118
Q

What is a huge difference between the large intestine and small intestine? (hint: the answer is not one is small and one is large)

A

no villi in large intestine

Year 1 (23 decks)

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