Urinary System II Flashcards
What is the urine pH expected to be?
- Acidic in carnivores
- Alkaline in herbivores
*
What is a more accurate protein test rather than dipstick?
- dipstick measures albumin most effectively
- More accurate evaluation by microalbuminuria testing or UPCr (urine protein creatinine ratio)
What does Microalbuminuria testing rely on?
relies on diluting the urine to a specific USG before measuring
What does UPCr rely on?
relies on the principle that creatinine is not actively secreted- so is the baseline, and by
comparing the protein to the creatinine the concentration of the urine is less critical.
increases indicate glomerular or tubular damage
What is the effect of a multiple myeloma on urine protein
Increases urine protein, may produce clonal antibodies
What is the bence jones precipitation test?
Precipitation of light chain proteins
What is the problem with performing a urine protein electrophoresis with a multiple myeloma?
as it is only low amounts of protein, this requires additional steps to perform reliably
What is Glocosuria?
Present of reducing sugars in the urine
* may reflect transient stress hyperglycaemia
* persistent hyperglycaemia- Diabetes mellitus
What causes renal glocosuria?
- Fanconi’s syndrome- loss of other solutes including amino acids also seen
- Congenital or accquired
What is the presence of ketones in the urine indicative of?
indicative of ketosis
What is haem or blood indicative of?
haemorrhage or haemolysis
What is billirubin indicative of?
pre-hepatic, post-hepatic or hepatic disease
What is the problem with leukocyte esterase on dipsticks?
» False negative most often in dogs
» False positive most often in cats
How would you prepare the sediment?
Mix the urine thoroughly if not using all the sample
Spin the urine- preferably 5ml
Pour or decant off the supernatant
Resuspend the sediment in 0.5ml of the supernatant
What effects the presence of crystals in the urine?
Crystal habit does not always reflect uroliths
Uroliths may be present, but the crystals may not be the same
composition as the uroliths
Crystals can be seen more commonly with certain pH’s
Low numbers of some crystals may be seen unremarkably and/or
form with urine storage
Diet can affect formation and persistence of crystals
