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VMS 2005 > Electrolytes and Acid Base > Flashcards

Electrolytes and Acid Base Flashcards

1
Q

How much of an adults body weight is made up from Intracellular fluid?

A

40%

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2
Q

How much of an adults body weight is made up of extracellular fluid?

A

20%

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3
Q

What is extracellular fluid made up from?

A

Interstitial fluid and plasma

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4
Q

What is the primary reason for an electrolyte imbalance?

A

Diet

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5
Q

What is the definition of osmolality?

A

The distribution of solutes

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6
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

3 sodiums out of the cell for every 2 potassiums pumped into the cell

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7
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Secretion of ADH Causes resorption of water into the thick loop of henle

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8
Q

When may ADH be secreted?

A

When there is hyperosmolality (blood has a high concentration of salt, glucose and other substances)

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9
Q

What is the link between flow rate, Aldosterone and Potassium

A

High flow rate promotes potassium excretion
Low flow rate inhibits excretion

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10
Q

What is one of the affects of hypocholeraemia?

A

Low levels of chloride means it cannot help co-transport sodium
therefore potassium may also need to be excreted to help with the balance

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11
Q

Why does organic acidosis (ketones, lactate…) not promote kyperkalaemia?

A

They travel with H+ ions that move in and out of cells instead of Potassium

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12
Q

How may we measure electrolytes?

A

Using an Ion-Selective Electrode

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13
Q

Why may platelets clotting impact the results of electrolytes?

A

When platelets clot they release potassium so thrombocytosis may result in a higher serum K+

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14
Q

What can cause a sodium excess?

A
  • Salt poisoning
  • Administeration of hypertonic saline
  • Decreased renal excretion
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15
Q

What causes normatraemia when the animal is dehydrated?

A
  • Net loss of isotonic fluids
  • Net retention of isotonic fluids
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16
Q

What causes hyponatraemia?

A
  • Sodium loss is larger than the water loss
  • Shift of water from the ICF to the ECF
17
Q

What can cause hyperkalaemia?

A
  • Shifting of K+ from the ICF to the ECF
  • Increased total K+ due to decreased renal excretion
18
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Any substance that ionises when dissolved in water
e.g sodium, potassium, chloride

19
Q

How is sodium regulated?

A
  • Activation of the RAS system -> Angiotensin II -> Resorption of Na+, Cl-, and H2O in the collecting tubules
20
Q

What effect does ANP have on sodium?

A

Sodium resorption in the distal nephron

21
Q

What occurs when we have hyperosmality?

A

ADH is released, there is then increased resportion of H2O

22
Q

What is the effect of inorganic acidosis on potassium?

A

may cause potassium to shift out of cells (hyperkalaemia in peripheral blood)

23
Q

What is the effect of inorganic acidosis eg lactate or ketoacidosis on Potassium?

A
  • Typically does not cause hyperkalaemia in peripheral blood
    *
24
Q

What can metabolic alkalosis cause in terms of potassium?

A

Mild hypokalaemia

25
Q

How do you measure electrolytes

A
  • Ion selective electrode
  • it has a selective membrane taht only allows the ion of interest to enter
  • the difference between the two electrodes is calculated and the ion concentration is then determined from this
26
Q

Why may a sample not be accurate if there is a lot of lipids present in the LSE?

A

f lipid is present then electrolytes are not in the lipid fraction
BUT the machine will calculate as if all the plasma is in the aqueous
phase

27
Q

What electrolyte is released when platelets clot?

A

When platelets clot, potassium is released, thrombocytosis therefore may result in higher serum K+

28
Q

What is a hypertonic fluid?

A

Solute loss but with in an excess of water

29
Q

What is a hypotonic fluid?

A

Water loss in excess of solute

30
Q

What are the two ways hypernatraemia can be caused?

A
  • H2O deficiency/ loss either renal or alimentary
  • Na+ excess, could be due to salt poisioning, administration of hypertonic saline, or sodium bicarbonate
31
Q

How does normotraemia occur when you are dehydrated?

A
  • Net loss of isotonic fluids (alimentary, renal etc.)
  • Net retention of isotonic fluids, due to oedema or transudate (Congestive heart failure, Hepatic cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome)
32
Q

What is Hypernatraemia?

A

electrolyte imbalance consisting of an increase in serum sodium concentration

33
Q

What can cause hyponatreamia?

A
  • sodium deficit
  • H2O excess
  • Shift of Sodium from the ECF to the ICF and vice versa with water
34
Q

What electrolye does chloride generally follow?

A

Generally will follow sodium
Its also affected by bicarbonate levels

35
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

Increased levels of CO2

36
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Decreased levels of HCO3-

37
Q

What causes respiratory alkalaemia?

A

decreased levels of CO2

38
Q

What causes metabolic alkalaemia?

A

Increased levels of HCO3-

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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