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VMS 2005 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What organ synthesises the majority of proteins?

A

The majority are synthesised within the liver

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2
Q

Where are the majority of immunoglobins synthesised?

A

within the lymphocytes, particuarly B lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is panhypoproteinaemia

A

loss of all proteins/fractions

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4
Q

What is selective hypoproteinaemia?

A

Loss of specific proteins

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5
Q

What is Hyperproteinaemia?

A

High Blood Protein
Can be selective or non-selective

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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

anticoagulated blood

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7
Q

What is the serum?

A

The supernatant on top of the plasma

does not contain clotting factors

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8
Q

What is protein dyscrasia?

A

abnormal proteins

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9
Q

What is a colourimetric assay?

A

Using a colourimeter to determine the chemical concentration of a compound in solution by measuring the absorbance

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10
Q

What is a turbidometric assay?

A

Particle bound antibodies are mixed with the assay
The level of light transmitted reflects the amount of antigen in the solution

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11
Q

What are the three different types of electrophoresis?

A
  • Agarose gel
  • Cellulose acetate gel
  • Capillary zone electrophoresis
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12
Q

What is the most common individual protein in blood

A

albumin

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13
Q

In what type of animal is pre-albumin seen prominently?

A

in exotics

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14
Q

In what organ is albumin produced?

A

The liver

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15
Q

What is albumin predominantly responsible for?

A

For maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure
Binding cationic substances such as ca2+ and Mg2+

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16
Q

What are the two most common tests used to measure albumin?

A

Bromocrescol purple and Bromocrescol green

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17
Q

What is the issue with Bromocrescol green and exotic species?

A

It is not generally optimal for exotic species

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18
Q

How would you calculate globulin on a chemistry profile?

A

Total protein- albumin

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19
Q

What factor causes proteins to migrate to the left during electrophoresis?

A

Charge and weight

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperproteinaemia?

A

Haemoconcentration (increase in the number of Red Blood Cells relative to the plasma)

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21
Q

What is non-selective hyperproteinaemia?

A

All fractions increase equally

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22
Q

What peak is albumin expected to be during protein electrophoresis?

A

It is generally the peak to the left and expected to be the tallest and narrowest at the base

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23
Q

What does monoclonal expansion look like?

A

The protein peak has a base width similiar to albumin

24
Q

What does polyclonal expansion look like?

A

The base of the peak is broad, it reflects the expansion of multiple different proteins in the face of inflammation

25
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

Proteins that alter in response to inflammatory stimulus

26
Q

What is a positive acute phase protein?

A

Where the levels increase in response to inflammation

27
Q

What is a negative acute phase protein?

A

Levels decrease in response to inflammation

28
Q

What is a major acute phase protein?

A

Levels change by 100-1000 fold, they usually peak 24-48 hours after insult and then rapidly decline

29
Q

What is a moderate acute phase protein?

A

Increases 5-10 fold in response to inflammation, peaks around 48-72 hours, declines are slower than most APP’s

30
Q

What is a minor acute phase protein?

A

Increases 50-100% above resting levels, increases are gradual

31
Q

What is the function of C-Reactive Protein?

major positive APP in dogs

A

On bacteria it promotes the binding of complement, facilitating phagocytosis
It inhibits chemotaxis and modulation of neutrophil function

32
Q

What can C-Reactive Protein be used to monitor?

A

Long term monitoring of refractory cases

33
Q

What is Serum Amyloid A?

A

Major APP in the horse, often used for monitoring and assessing for inflammation
* chemotactic recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation

34
Q

What two things lead to HypoProteinaemia?

A
  • Increased Loss of Proteins
  • Decreased Production of Proteins
35
Q

What can cause increased Loss of Proteins?

A
  • Panhypoproteinaemia/ selective albumin loss
  • Blood loss (external haemorrage)
  • Protein losing nephropathy
  • Protein losing enteropathy
  • Protein losing dermatrophy
36
Q

Name 4 things that can lead to decreased Protein production

A
  • Hepatic insufficency
  • Malabsorption/ Maldigestion
  • Cachetic states
  • Lymphoid hypoplasia/ aplasia
37
Q

What is another name for an antibody?

A

an immunoglobulin

38
Q

What are the three different types of protein?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
39
Q

What are some examples of alpha proteins?

A

a1- lipoprotein
a1- antitrypsin
a1- antichymotrypsin
a2- macroglobulin

40
Q

What are some examples of beta proteins?

A

B1- haptoglobin
B1- Transferrin
B2- lipoproteins
B2 Complement C3a
B2 IgM and IgA

41
Q

What are some examples of gamma proteins?

A

igG
C-Reactive Protein

42
Q

What is a monoclonal expansion of globulin, shown by an increase in a narrow peak on the right most likely to be?

A

neoplasia

43
Q

What is the definition of an acute phase protein?

A

Protein where the levels either increase or decrease due to inflammation

44
Q

What is the issue with using bromocrescol purple to measure albumin?

A

can give false low levels in dogs

45
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperproteinaemia?

A

haemoconcentration (loss of plasma H2O)

46
Q

What would the protein electrophoresis peak look like during monoclonal expansion?

A

Usually in the gamma region (far right)
Same width as albumin

47
Q

What does the polyclonal expansion peak look like in proetin electrophoresis?

A

Base of the peak is broad

examples include FIP in cats

48
Q

Give four examples of positive acute phase proteins

A
  • C-reactive
  • Serum amyloid
  • Haptoglobin
  • Fribrinogen
49
Q

Give two examples of negative acute phase proteins

A
  • albumin
  • transferrin
50
Q

What is alpha one acid glycoprotein?

A
  • antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory agent
  • binds to liphophillic and acidic drugs
  • levels are associated with FIP
51
Q

What is haptoglobin?

A
  • Binds free haemoglobin
  • Natural antagonist for receptor-ligand activation
  • Often used in cattle
52
Q

What is the challenge when proteins are increased and there is a possibility of dehydration?

A

can be challenging to assess if
there may be increase in proteins due to haemoconcentration or due to increased production in
response to inflammatory demand

53
Q

What are some ways proteins can be lost?

A
  • panhypoproteinaemia (selective blood loss)
  • protein-losing nephropathy
  • Protein-losing enteropathy
  • Protein-losing dermatopathy (e.g burns)
54
Q

What causes decreased production of proteins?

A
  • Hepatic insufficiency ( albumin is the most affected)
  • malabsorption or maldigestion
  • cachetic state
55
Q

What is failure of passive transfer?

A

inadequate amounts of immunoglobulin are aborsbed prior to gut closure leaving the neonate susceptible to disease

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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