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VMS 2005 > Trypanosomes > Flashcards

Trypanosomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main trypanosome species that infects humans?

A

T.cruzi

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2
Q

What are the main trypanosome species that infects livestock?

A
  • T. brucei evansi
  • T. equiperdum
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3
Q

What is a kinetoblast?

A

a single large mitochondrion associated with the base of flagellum
Characteristic of trypanosome and leishmania parasites

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4
Q

What kind of disease is african trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Very serious disease of humans and livestock in sub-saharan africa
  • causes substantial economic losses
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5
Q

What kind of parasite are trypanosomes?

A
  • Protozoa
  • Haemoflagellates
  • live in the blood and lymph
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6
Q

What kind of fly can carry trypanosomes?

A

Tsetse fly

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7
Q

What is the main form of transmission for a trypanosome?

A

Salivarian transmission from a tstetse fly

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8
Q

What are some other routes of transmission for trypanosomes?

A
  • Transplacental transmission
  • Mechanical transmission via other blood-sucking insects (this is important for T.vivax)
  • accidental infections in laboratories via needle sticks
  • transmission via sexual contact
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9
Q

What are four important facts about tsetse flies?

A
  • Obligatorily haematophagous (males and females)
  • Females bear live young
  • Up to 20% of flies are infected by trypanosomes
  • They are infected for life
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10
Q

What are the three types of glossina vector species

A

Morsitans, Palpalis, Fusca

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11
Q

What are the three glossina species habitats?

A
  • Palpalis- Riverine forest
  • Fusca- Forest
  • Morsitans- Savannah
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12
Q

What hosts carry African animal trypanosomiasis?

A

Cattle, horses, camels

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13
Q

What are the two most pathogenic parasite species (trypanosomes)

A
  • T.vivax
  • T.congolese
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of nagala?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Weight loss
  • Hair loss
  • Poor Milk yield
  • Abortion
  • Paralysis
  • Death
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15
Q

How may you diagnose nagala?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • The geographical location
  • observing the blood
  • ELISA antibody testing
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16
Q

When can chemotherapy be used?

A

for Sporadic trypanosomiasis when combined with anti-tsetse measures

17
Q

What are the limitations of chemotherapy?

A
  • More doses are needed than are available
  • toxicity in certain host species
  • development of drug resistance
18
Q

What is the definition of trypanotolerance I?

A

ability of a few livestock breeds to survive, reproduce and produce in tsetsetrypanosome infested areas where others cannot, without recourse to use of chemical drugs

19
Q

What is trypanotolerance II?

A

It helps to control the levels of parisiteamia by preventing the characteristic anaemia and production loss

20
Q

What determines trypanotolerance II?

A

Determined by the 18 quantitative trait loci (stretches of DNA)
can also improve the tolerance through crossbreeding

21
Q

What does T. brucei brucei cause?

A

Causes surra in camels, horses and dogs
(anaemia, weight loss and death)

22
Q

How is T.brucei brucei transmitted?

A

Transmitted mechanically by biting flies

23
Q

What does T. equiperdum cause?

A

causes dourine in horses and donkeys
(genital and abdominal oedema, emaciation)

24
Q

How is T.equiperdum transmissed?

A

sexual transmission

25
Q

What is Human african trypanosomiasis also known as?

A

sleeping sickness

26
Q

What is the epidemiology of sleeping sickness?

A
  • 779 new cases were recorded in 2022
  • severe morbidity and mortality
  • affects principally poor, rural areas
  • 36 countries are affected
27
Q

What are the two types of sleeping sickness?

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
28
Q

What are the symptoms of early stage sleeping sickness?

A
  • The haemolymphatic stage
  • Non-specific symptoms (fever and headache)
  • joint pain/ itching
29
Q

What are the symptoms of secondary/late stage sleeping sickness?

A

This occurs after parasites cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the CNS
* Headache, Mental changes
* Disruption of the sleep cycle, coma and death

30
Q

What is the principal reservoir for T. b. rhodesiense

A

Ungulates, but domestic cattle in agricultural areas

31
Q

How may you diagnose Trypanosomes?

A
  • Microscopy
  • Agglutination testing
  • PCR
  • Field- appropriate diagnostics
32
Q

How can you stage trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Determine stage of infection
  • Examine cerebrospinal fluid for elevated WBC, elevated Protein, visualisation of parasites
33
Q

How can you treat human Trypanosomiasis?

A

Requires long hospital stays

34
Q

Whare the current control options for Trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Vector control
  • Control in animal reserves
  • Case finding and treatment
35
Q

What would you use for tstetse trapping?

A
  • Blue and or Black Cloth
  • Odour baiting
  • Insecticide treatments
36
Q

Name two other methods of tsetse trapping

A
  • Aerial spraying with insecticide
  • Sterile insect technique
37
Q
A

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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