Leukocytes to leukogram

Question 1

What is a neutrophil?

Answer 1

a granulocyte (WBC with granules inside)
with a lobed nucleus
often the most common cell in blood

Question 2

What is the left shift?

Answer 2

an increase in the number of immature cells

Question 3

What is a Dohle body

Answer 3

left over ribonucleic acids

Question 4

Toxic granulation

Answer 4

Bright magenta staining granules

Question 5

What is hypersegmentation?

Answer 5

Greater than 5 lobes and usually a response to corticosteroids

Question 6

During what stage of neutrophil development is there a horseshoe shaped nucleus

Answer 6

Band Neutrophil

Question 7

During what stage of neutrophil development is there a less elongated bean shaped nucleus

Answer 7

metamyelocyte

Question 8

What is the name of a cell where the nucleus is a continuous ring

Answer 8

Doughnut cell

Question 9

In what animals is it normal for the nucleus to be a continuous ring?

Answer 9

Mice and Rats

Question 10

What is a toxic change?

Answer 10

Any change that we see in the cytoplasm- usually a result of imperfect bone marrow production

Question 11

What is a foamy/ vaculated cytoplasm?

Answer 11

Spaces between granules or evidence of vaculation

Question 12

What may cause a toxic change in the cytoplasm of the cell?

Answer 12

Incomplete production in the bone marrow

Question 13

What does a toxic change tell us about the patient?

Answer 13

That they are responding to inflammation

Question 14

What is hypersegmentation?

Answer 14

Greater than 5 lobes and usually a response to corticosteroids

Question 15

What are the vast majority of lymphocytes that you see in the blood?

Answer 15

small mature lymphocytes

Question 16

What do small mature lymphocytes look like?

Answer 16

Round cell with a scant cytoplasm

Question 17

What occurs to the cytoplasm when the lymphocyte is reactive?

Answer 17

Cytoplasm becomes a darker blue- this is often noted in young animals after vaccination

Question 18

What do monocytes look like?

Answer 18

Bigger cells with a basophillic cytoplasm

Question 19

What do basophils look like?

Answer 19

Ribbon like nucleus
with round dark purple granules in dogs
and lavender granules in cats

Question 20

What could an abnormal number of granules mean?

Answer 20

lysosomal storage disease

Question 21

In what animal species would you see a Foa-Kurloff body?

Answer 21

Guinea-Pig

Question 22

What species have nucleated red cells and thrombocytes?

Answer 22

Reptiles and avians

Question 23

What is the maturation pool?

Answer 23

Neutrophils that have been produced

Question 24

What is the storage pool

Answer 24

mature neutrophils that are sitting in the bone marrow

Question 25

What pool are you looking at when you are looking at cytology?

Answer 25

The circulating pool

Question 26

What can cause an increase in neutrophils in the blood

Answer 26

1. Release of storage pool from the bone marrow
2. Inhibition of migration from the blood vessel to the tissue

Question 27

What is the normal circulation time for a neutrophil?

Answer 27

5-10 hours

Question 28

What are two features of neutrophillia?

Answer 28

Toxic Change and Left change

Question 29

What is left shift?

Answer 29

Increased number of band neutrophils/ immature stages
The more immature the stages the more severe the left shift is

Question 30

What is regenerative left shift?

Answer 30

The number of mature forms exceeds immature forms

Question 31

What is degenerative left shift?

Answer 31

The number of immature forms exceed the number of mature forms

Question 32

What does chronic inflammation look like in cells?

Answer 32

Neutrophillia, possible toxic change
more mature neutrophils
more monocytes

Question 33

What does an increase in corticosteroids look like in cells?

Answer 33

Neutrophillia, Lymphopenia, Monocytosis, Eosinopenia
ocassionally some band neutrophils

Question 34

What does an adrenaline response look like in cells

Answer 34

Neutrophillia (mature with no toxic change)
Lymphocytosis,

more likely to occur in puppies and cats

Question 35

What does a reverse stress leukogram look like?

Answer 35

Lymphocytosis
Eosinophillia
Addisons disease

Question 36

What does hypersensitivity look like in cells?

Answer 36

Increase in neutrophils and lymphocytes

Potential for a parasite burden or an allergy