Leukocytes to leukogram Flashcards
What is a neutrophil?
a granulocyte (WBC with granules inside)
with a lobed nucleus
often the most common cell in blood
What is the left shift?
an increase in the number of immature cells
What is a Dohle body
left over ribonucleic acids
Toxic granulation
Bright magenta staining granules
What is hypersegmentation?
Greater than 5 lobes and usually a response to corticosteroids
During what stage of neutrophil development is there a horseshoe shaped nucleus
Band Neutrophil
During what stage of neutrophil development is there a less elongated bean shaped nucleus
metamyelocyte
What is the name of a cell where the nucleus is a continuous ring
Doughnut cell
In what animals is it normal for the nucleus to be a continuous ring?
Mice and Rats
What is a toxic change?
Any change that we see in the cytoplasm- usually a result of imperfect bone marrow production
What is a foamy/ vaculated cytoplasm?
Spaces between granules or evidence of vaculation
What may cause a toxic change in the cytoplasm of the cell?
Incomplete production in the bone marrow
What does a toxic change tell us about the patient?
That they are responding to inflammation
What is hypersegmentation?
Greater than 5 lobes and usually a response to corticosteroids
What are the vast majority of lymphocytes that you see in the blood?
small mature lymphocytes
What do small mature lymphocytes look like?
Round cell with a scant cytoplasm
What occurs to the cytoplasm when the lymphocyte is reactive?
Cytoplasm becomes a darker blue- this is often noted in young animals after vaccination
What do monocytes look like?
Bigger cells with a basophillic cytoplasm
What do basophils look like?
Ribbon like nucleus
with round dark purple granules in dogs
and lavender granules in cats
What could an abnormal number of granules mean?
lysosomal storage disease
In what animal species would you see a Foa-Kurloff body?
Guinea-Pig
What species have nucleated red cells and thrombocytes?
Reptiles and avians
What is the maturation pool?
Neutrophils that have been produced
What is the storage pool
mature neutrophils that are sitting in the bone marrow
What pool are you looking at when you are looking at cytology?
The circulating pool
What can cause an increase in neutrophils in the blood
- Release of storage pool from the bone marrow
- Inhibition of migration from the blood vessel to the tissue
What is the normal circulation time for a neutrophil?
5-10 hours
What are two features of neutrophillia?
Toxic Change and Left change
What is left shift?
Increased number of band neutrophils/ immature stages
The more immature the stages the more severe the left shift is
What is regenerative left shift?
The number of mature forms exceeds immature forms
What is degenerative left shift?
The number of immature forms exceed the number of mature forms
What does chronic inflammation look like in cells?
Neutrophillia, possible toxic change
more mature neutrophils
more monocytes
What does an increase in corticosteroids look like in cells?
Neutrophillia, Lymphopenia, Monocytosis, Eosinopenia
ocassionally some band neutrophils
What does an adrenaline response look like in cells
Neutrophillia (mature with no toxic change)
Lymphocytosis,
more likely to occur in puppies and cats
What does a reverse stress leukogram look like?
Lymphocytosis
Eosinophillia
Addisons disease
What does hypersensitivity look like in cells?
Increase in neutrophils and lymphocytes
Potential for a parasite burden or an allergy
