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VMS 2005 > Urinary system 1 > Flashcards

Urinary system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does AKI stand for?

A

acute kidney injury

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2
Q

What does CKD stand for?

A

Chronic kidney disease

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3
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

Solute and H2O excretion via the kidneys

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4
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

The rate fluid moves from plasma to glomerular filtrate

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5
Q

What determines glomerular filtration rate?

A

Renal plasma flow

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6
Q

What determines renal plasma flow?

A
  • Blood volume
  • Cardiac output
  • number of functional glomeruli
  • constriction and dilation of the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles
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7
Q

What are four other functions of the kidney?

A

Production of erythropoietin
» Production of 1,25-DHCC
» Secretion of RAS (renin-angiotensin system) hormones
» Secretion of other substances such as kallikriens, prostaglandins, endothelins, and adrenomedullin

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8
Q

What are some solutes that are excreted by the kidney?

A
  • Urea, Creatinine, K+, H+,
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9
Q

What are some solutes that are conserved by the kidney?

A
  • Sodium, Chloride, HCO3-, Magnesium, Glucose, Water,
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10
Q

What occurs in the proximal tubule?

A

Solutes (and a bit of water) out

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11
Q

What occurs in the descending part of the loop of henle?

A

Water out,

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12
Q

What occurs in the ascending part of the loop of henle?

A

Sodium Chloride out

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13
Q

What occurs in the collecting duct?

A

Concentration of the urine

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14
Q

What is the overall function of the kidney?

A

to concentrate or dilute urine as appropriate

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15
Q

What is the concentrating ability of the kidneys?

A

The ability of the kidney to absorb filtrate H20 in excess of filtarte solutes

indicated by an increase in urine specific gravity

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16
Q

What is the diluting ability of the kidneys?

A

ability of kidneys to resorb filtrate solutes in excess of H2O

generally indicated by an increase in urine specific gravity

17
Q

What is urine described as when it is not concentrated or diluted?

A

it is described as isosthenuric

18
Q

What is azotoaemia?

A

increase in urea or creatinine or both

19
Q

What can cause azotaemia?

A
  • May be pre-renal e.g hypovolaemia/ dehydration
  • Renal- impaired renal function, amyloidosis, toxic nephrosis, renal ischemia,
  • Post Renal- obstruction of the urinary tract, bladder rupture
20
Q

Where is Urea synthesised?

A

Urea is synthesised within the liver

21
Q

What does a urea decrease generally reflect?

A

hepatic insufficiency or a deficiency in urea cycle enzymes

22
Q

Where is creatinine produced?

A

Creatinine is endogenously produced by muscle at a relatively constant rate
- it is freely filtered by the kidney with minimal resportion

23
Q

What are the two diagnostic tests for creatinine?

A

Two types of assay (1) enzymatic and (2) Picric acid reaction ->coloured complex (Jaffe’s reaction)

24
Q

What is SDMA ?

A

An amino acid produced with protein breakdown/ catabolism
increases with a 40% reduction in renal function
increases with both primary and secondary renal disease

25
Q

What is FG-23?

A

Fibroblast growth factor 23
* secreated by osteocytes in response to increased calcitriol
* Acts on a sodium-phosphate co-transporter in the proximal tubule to reduce reabsorption of
phosphorus (promotes excretion)

26
Q

What is FG23 an indicator of?

A

phosphorus overload early in kidney disease

27
Q

What are some changes that you see in patients with renal disease?

A

phosphorus increases with decreased GFR
* cattle phosphorus levels are usually not impacted

Calcium
* dogs and cats may have mild hypocalcaemia
* if diet is calcium rich then horses may have hypercalcaemia

28
Q

What are the three ways you can collect urine?

A
  • Free-Catch
  • Cystocentesis
  • Catheter collection
29
Q

What are the negatives of each urine collection method?

A
  • Free-Catch- prone to bacterial infection
  • Cystocentesis- optimal for culture and sensitivity but may require sedation
  • Catheter- anaesthesia is required to place the catheteter
30
Q

What are polyuria, Oliguria and Anuria respectively?

A
  • Polyuria- increased
  • Oliguria- small volumes of urine produced
  • Anuria- almost no urine produced
31
Q

What pigment may be normal for rabbits?

A

rabbits may have red due to dietary pigment

31
Q

What is a normal urine colour?

A

pale yellow, clear (equine and rabbits may be turbid in health)

32
Q

What pigments may you see in the urine?

A
  • Obvious Yellow/ Orange- billirubin
  • yellow green- bilverdin
  • red/brown/black- blood, haemoglobin, myoglobin …
33
Q

What are three different ways you can do urine testing?

A
  • USG
  • dipstick
  • sediment evaluation
34
Q

What is the meaning of isothenuric?

A
  • Urine is neither diluted nor concentrated
35
Q

What is the meaning of Hyposthenuric

A

Diluted urine, may be normal but if azotaemia is present then its likely to be diabetes insipidus

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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