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VMS 2005 > Babesia > Flashcards

Babesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key factors surrounding canine babesiosis?

A
  • Babesia canis is the most common in europe
  • It is transmitted by the Dermacentor reticulatus tick
  • Most cases occur in the spring and autumn
  • The geographical distribution is exapnding in europe
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1
Q

What is babesia?

A

a blood-borne apicomplexan parasite that invades RBC’s in mammalian hosts

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2
Q

What is the ‘uncomplicated’ pathogenesis of canine babesiosis?

A
  • Invasion of RBCs → parasite multiplication → damage of membrane → haemolysis
  • Anti-RBC membrane antibodies → cytotoxic destruction of RBCs
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3
Q

What is the ‘complicated’ pathogenesis of canine babesiosis?

A
  • Cytokine-mediated inflammation
  • Tissue hypoxia affecting CNS, kidneys & muscles
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine babesiosis?

A

Acute babesiosis (inc. period 1-3 weeks) – fever, lethargy, jaundice, vomiting,
anorexia, anaemia
Chronic babesiosis – e.g. depression, intermittent fever, anaemia, myositis, arthritis

unless its subclinical then its asymptomatic

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5
Q

How infectious is bovine babesiosis?

A

over half the worlds cattle is at risk of infection

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6
Q

What is bovine babesiosis?

A

A sporadic tick-borne disease in the UK, causes infrequent outbreaks

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7
Q

When do bovine babesiosis outbreaks usually occur?

A

The outbreaks generally occur in the spring, summer and autumn

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8
Q

What does the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis depend on?

A
  • Parasite species
  • Age
  • Stress
  • Immunity
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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of B.divergens (redwater fever)

A
  • It is usually first reported in may/ june
  • has an incubation period of 2 weeks
  • Fever
  • Diarrhoea
  • Red urine
  • increased pulse
  • abortion
  • death
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10
Q

Simply explain the babesia lifecycle

A
  • Parasite found on ticks
  • Ticks bite a cow, it enters the bloodstream
  • They reproduce, producing merozoites
  • RBC’s burst
  • when a new tick bites they enter the tick and undergo sexual reproduction in the ticks gut
  • Formation of sporozoites which can then migrate up to teh ticks salivary glands
  • re-enter another host when tick bites again
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11
Q

How does transovarial transmission of babesia occur?

A

babesia parasites can be passed on to the larvae of the female tick if she is infected

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12
Q

What are the two tick species that can transmit bovine babesiosis?

A
  • Ixodes ricinus
  • Rhipicephalus
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13
Q

What is the best way to diagnose babesia (all species)

A
  • History/ Clinical findings
  • Haematological and biochemical tests
  • Blood smears (Giemsa stain)
  • PCR
  • serology (antibody detection)
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14
Q

What bebesia species can recover without treatment?

if caught early

A

B. divergens

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15
Q

What are the two parasite species that can cause Bovine theileriosis?

A
  • Theileria parva
  • Theileria annulata
16
Q

What is the name of the tick that transmits Theileria parva?

A

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

17
Q

What is the mortality of Theileria parva?

A

up to 95%

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of early east coast fever?

A
  • High and sustained fever
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • slight listlessness and decreased appetite
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of late east coast fever?

A
  • increased respiratory rate
  • depression
  • anorexia
  • death within 3-4 weeks of infection
20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of East Coast Fever?

A
  • Proliferation of parasitised lymphocytes
  • parasitised cells disseminate through the lympho-haemopoietic system
  • they invade non-lymphoid tissues
  • leukocyte depletion -> lymphoid tissues and blood leukocytes
21
Q

How can cattle become immune against east coast fever?

A
  • any recovered cattle are solidly protected against the homologous challenge
  • targets the schizont stage
  • cell-mediated
  • CD8+ T lymphocytes
  • Strain-specific
22
Q

How can you diagnose east coast fever?

A
  • Microscopic detection of parasites
  • PCR
  • detection of antibodies
    (antibody detection is either immunofluorescent antibodies or an ELISA with recombinant p85)
23
Q

What is the main vaccine you can use to treat east coast fever?

A

Inoculation with live sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with long acting oxytetracycline

24
Q

What are the two subunit vaccines that are used to treat east coast fever?

A
  • CTL that targets antigens
  • p67- major surface protein
25
Q

What are the two ways we can implement vector control?

A
  • Application of acaricides (dipping or spraying)
  • Tick vaccines
26
Q

What are four determinants of tick attack rate?

A
  • Host density
  • Climate
  • Management practices
  • Latitude
27
Q

What vector transmits plasmodium?

A

It is transmitted via mosquitos

28
Q

What disease does plasmodium cause?

A

malaria

29
Q

What plasmodium species infects primates to cause ‘monkey malaria’ ?

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

30
Q

What are some of the drivers for the emergence of monkey malaria?

A
  • Deforestation
  • Increased diagnosis
  • Inhibitory interactions between plasmodium species
31
Q

What is early east coast fever?

A
  • High and sustained fever
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • slight listlessness
32
Q

What is late east coast fever?

A
  • Increased respiratory rate and respiratory distress
  • Depression
  • Anorexia Death within 3-4 weeks of infection
33
Q

What are some of the risk factors for ‘monkey malaria’

A
  • Human to human transmission
  • any vector associated with the forest
34
Q

What are some of the drivers for monkey malaria emergence?

A
  • Deforestation- brings macaques and mosquitos to closer proximity
  • people venture into the forest for farming, hunting etc
  • change in vector behaviour

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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