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VMS 2005 > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bicytopenia?

A

Two cytopenias together at one point in time

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2
Q

What four things can cause cytopenia?

A
  • reduced production
  • sequestration
  • Increased loss
  • Increased destruction
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3
Q

How does anaemia present itself clinically?

A
  1. lethargic/ collapsed
  2. Pale/yellow mucus membranes
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Hypotension
  5. Bounding/Weak peripheral pulses
  6. Altered respiration
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3
Q

What is the third rule?

A

haemoglobin should be a third of the haematocrit

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3
Q

What is MCV?

A

Mean Corpuscular volume

measures the average size of your red blood cells

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3
Q

How is regenerative anaemia fixed?

A

The bone marrow responds by increasing the number of red blood cells

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4
Q

What is the main thing that causes regenerative anaemias?

A

Haemorrhage, e.g loss of blood which can be internal or external

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4
Q

What is a sign that you have regenerative aneamia?

A

High concentration of reticulocytes

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4
Q

What are the two main things that can cause anaemias?

A
  • Haemorrage (either internal or external)
  • Haemolysis
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5
Q

Name 5 clinical signs of Anaemia

A
  • Lethargic/ Collapsed
  • Pale mucous membranes (potentially jaundice)
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Weak peripheral pulses
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6
Q

What does increased Hgb degredation lead to?

A

Increased billirubin formation

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7
Q

What are the main differences between conjugated and unconjugated billirubin?

A

*Unconjugated billirubin *
* Insoluble in blood
* Toxic to tissues
* Cannot be excreted in the urine

*Conjugated Billirubin *
* Water soluble
* Relatively non-toxic
* can be excreted in the urine

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8
Q

What is acute blood loss?

A

Blood is lost over a few hours
Anaemia occurs from the dilution of remaining erythrocytes

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9
Q

How can you recover from acute blood loss?

A
  • reabsorption of erythrocytes
  • Tissue hypoxia stimulates more prodcution of erythropoetin
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10
Q

What is chronic blood loss?

A

Blood is lost over days/weeks/months

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11
Q

What are the two ways there is increased loss/ destruction (anaemia)?

A
  • Haemorrhage (can be either internal or external)
  • Haemolysis ( mechanical/ due to cell damage or immune)
12
Q

What does the blood analysis look like in anaemia?

A
  • Decrease in the mean cell volume
  • More reticulocytosis (increase in circulating reticulocytes)
  • Haemoglobin decreases
  • Increase in billirubin
13
Q

How may you determine anaemia severity?

A
  • Mild- worth monitoring but most likely just reflecting other disease processes
  • Moderate- most likely to be a primary concern PCV below 20
  • Marked for significant concern- PCV below 12-15% (requires investigation and rapid treatment)
14
Q

What type of anaemia is immature RBC’s a sign of?

A

regenerative
-reflects the bone marrows attempts to increase the circulating blood cells

15
Q

What is intravascular anaemia?

A
  • The lysis of blood cells within vessels
  • severe or rapidly falling anaemia
  • present over hours or days

haemoglinaemia-increased haemoglobin

16
Q

What is extravascular anaemia?

A
  • Erythrocyte lysis outside of blood vessels (e.g in macrophages)
  • mild to marked anaemia
  • Haemoglobinaemia and haemoglobinuria not
    present
17
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary anaemia?

A
  • Primary- idiopathic
  • Secondary- it was caused by an underlying disease
18
Q

What is oxidative damage?

A

Haemoglobin is damaged and this effects the cell membrane
It produces heinz bodies which tells you that the anaemia is from oxidative damage

19
Q

What is a distemper inclusion?

A

From infectious stress, e.g from mycoplasma
you need to look for an infectious agent inside of the RBC that therefore causes the RBC to lyse

20
Q

What is an internal haemorrhage?

A
  • haemorrhage into cavities
    *(regenerative anaemia)
21
Q

What is an external haemorrhage?

A

haemorrhage outside of the body
* External trauma
* Epistaxis
* Haematemesis
* Haematuria
* Melena

usually in iron-deficiency anaemia

22
Q

What is the evidence of iron deficiency?

A
  • Hypochromic cells
  • more central pallor

is initialaly regenerative but is more likely to be due to external blood loss

23
Q

What are some examples of erythrocyte fragmentation?

A
  • Schistocytes
  • Keratocytes
  • Acanthocytes
  • Spherocyte-like cells
24
Q

What are the three major mechanisms considered in drug-induced IMHA?

A
  • Drug adsorption- e.g. penicillin binds covalently to erythrocytes and stimulates hapten-dependent antibodies
  • Autoantibody induction- induces formation of autoantibodies – antibodies can bind to normal erythrocytes in
    absence of drug
  • Drug-dependent antibody induction- induces antibodies only when soluble drug is present
25
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Can occur in dams or queens
Leakage of blood across the placenta during pregnancy
leads to the production of antibodies
antibodies destroy the foals RBC’s

26
Q

What is teh gold standard test for equine infectious anaemia virus and what happens if an animal is infected?

A
  • Coggins test
  • Confirmed infected animals are destroyed
27
Q

What can cause non-regenerative anaemias?

A
  • Renal disease
  • Liver disease
  • Bone marrow disorders
  • (* Myelofibrosis- can be a sequalae of PK deficiency
  • Damage following inflammation, necrosis, toxicosis (e.g. oestrogen))
28
Q

What is the main point of non-regenerative anaemias?

A

either decreased or ineffecive erythropoiesis
Absence of reticuolcytes or polychromatophils in peripheral blood (and within bone marrow samples)
* Usually normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative (anaemia present >5 days

29
Q

What nutritional diseases can cause non-regenerative anaemia?

A
  • Lack of Iron
  • Lack of folate or Coblamin
  • Copper
30
Q

What are some inherited disorders that can cause non-regenerative anaemia?

A
  • Dyserythropoesis of English Springer Spaniels
  • Congenital dyserythropoesis of polled Hereford calves
31
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

rare blood disorder in which there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells

32
Q

What can cause polycthenia?

A
  • Splenic contraction due to excitement
  • relative erythocytosis
  • Pathological

VMS 2005 (33 decks)

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