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Histology & Embryology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

main structures of urinary system (5)

A

Kidney –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra

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2
Q

path of kidney vessels

A

renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillary plexus/vasa recta –> veins

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3
Q

Three areas of kidney nephrons

A

renal corpuscle

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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4
Q

makes up the renal corpuscle (3)

A

glomerulus, glomerular space, glomerular capsule

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5
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

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6
Q

filtration apparatus of the kidney (where blood supply meets nephron)

A

renal corpuscle

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7
Q

capillary plexus between afferent and efferent arterioles

A

glomerulus

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8
Q

what does the glomerulus contain (3)

A

fenestrated endothelium

intraglomerular mesangial cells

podocytes

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9
Q

produce internal half of basal lamina of glomerulus for filtration of elements of blood

A 
fenestrated endothelium 
(lamina rara interna)
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10
Q

two types of intraglomerular mesangial cells

A

phagocytic

contractile - regulate capillary blood flow

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11
Q

branched interdigitating cells covering external surface of the capillary, with numerous foot processes separated by slit pore diaphragm

A

podocytes

lamina rara externa

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12
Q

where are renal corpuscles found

A

renal cortex

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13
Q

barriers for filtration at renal glomerulus (3)

A

endothelium

basal lamina

podocyte slit diaphragm

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14
Q

slit diaphragm limits filtration based on _____

A

charge

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15
Q

Bowman’s capsule consists of (2)

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium surrounding glomerulus

Bowman’s space

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16
Q

visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is made of ____

parietal layer surrounds _____

A

podocytes

glomerulus

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17
Q

Bowman’s space collects ____ and sends it to the ____

A

ultrafiltrate

proximal tubule

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18
Q

What are the 3 renal tubules

A

proximal tubule

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

distal tubule

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19
Q

tissue of proximal tubule

A

cuboidal epithelium with brush border

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20
Q

four parts of loop of Henle

A

thick descending limb

thin descending limb

thick ascending limb

thin ascending limb

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21
Q

distal tubule contains the ______ which is adjacent to the afferent arteriole and part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa

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22
Q

path of ultrafiltrate

A

Bowman’s space -> proximal tubule -> thick descending limb of nephron loop -> thin descending limb -> thin ascending -> thick ascending limb -> distal tubule

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23
Q

Three parts of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa

juxtaglomerular cells of afferent
arteriole

extraglomerular mesangial cells

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24
Q

what does the macula densa do?

A

senses Na+ in filtrate of distal tubule and communicates with JG cells

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25
Q

JG cells contain _____ which activates RAAS to _______ and ______

A

renin

vasoconstriction (increase BP)

stimulate aldosterone secretion (increase blood volume)

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26
Q

where are the collecting tubules?

A

connected to the distal convoluted tubule

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27
Q

cells in the cortical region of the collecting tubules (2)

A

principal cells - sensitive to ADH and permeable to water

intercalated cells - type A and type B for acid/base balance

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28
Q

type A intercalated cells make urine ____

type B intercalated cells make urine ____

A

more acidic

more basic

29
Q

what’s found in the papillary region of collecting tubules

A

ducts of bellini - confluence of collecting tubules

30
Q

collecting _____ open into renal papilla

A

ducts

31
Q

flow of urine from renal papilla

A

renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

32
Q

renal vessels receive _______ per minute

A

20% of total blood volume

33
Q

arterial supply of renal vessels

A

renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole

34
Q

efferent glomerular arteriole that drains cortical nephrons:

efferent glomerular arteriole that drains glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons:

A

peritubular capillary plexus

vasa recta

35
Q

venous drainage of kidney

A

renal vein

36
Q

lower urinary tract consists of (4)

A

renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

37
Q

receives urine from calyces

A

renal pelvis

38
Q

urogenital region of embryo develops from

A

intermediate mesenchyme from dorsal wall of embryo

39
Q

the urogenital ridge develops in week ____ and gives rise to (2)

A

4

nephrogenic cord - urinary system

gonadal ridge - genital system

40
Q

urinary system develops (before/after) genital system

A

before

41
Q

3 sets of successive kidneys that develop

A

pronephroi

mesonephroi

metanephroi

42
Q

only structures to persist from pronephroi

A

pronephric ducts (run caudally into cloaca)

43
Q

successive kidneys-

few clusters in neck region that quickly degenerate:

A

pronephroi

44
Q

successive kidneys-

develop cuadal to pronephroi; create urine between weeks 6-10; structures degenerate except the mesonephric tubules

A

mesonephroi

45
Q

mesonephric tubules persist as

A

efferent ducts of the testes

46
Q

mesonephroi consist of (2)

pronephric ducts develop into ____

A

glomeruli and mesonephric tubules

mesonephric ducts

47
Q

primordia of permanent kidney that starts to develop at 5th week and functions at _____

A

metanephroi

9th week

48
Q

2 sources from which permanent kidneys develop

A

ureteric bud

metanephrogenic blastema

49
Q

mesonephric tubules open up into ______ –> ______

A

mesonephric ducts –> cloaca

50
Q

aka metanephric diverticulum

outgrowth from mesonephric duct, near cloaca

A

ureteric bud

51
Q

stalk of ureteric bud forms ____

cranial part of bud forms _____

A

ureter

collecting tubules that continually divide (major/minor calices)

52
Q

branching of metanephric diverticulum depends on induction from

A

surrounding mesoderm (metanephrogenic blastema)

53
Q

how many nephrons formed at birth?

A

2 million

54
Q

nephrons are derived from _____

collecting tubules are derived from _____

THESE TWO STRUCTURES NEED EACH OTHER TO DEVELOP NORMALLY

A

metanephrogenic blastema

ureteric bud

55
Q

as abdomen and pelvis grow, kidneys ______ and rotate ______

A

“ascend”

medially almost 90 degrees

56
Q

kidneys have contacted adrenal glands and are in final position by week __

A

9

57
Q

divides cloaca into dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus

A

urorectal septum

58
Q

3 parts of urogenital sinus

A

vesical part

pelvic part

phallic part

59
Q

vesical part of urogenital sinus forms:

A

most of bladder

60
Q

pelvic part of urogenital sinus forms

A

urethra in neck of bladder (prostatic part in males and entire urethra in females)

61
Q

phallic part of urogenital septum forms

A

female and male erectile tissue

62
Q

bladder is continuous with allantois, which condenses to form ____

A

urachus

63
Q

urachus later closes to form

A

medial umbilical ligament

64
Q

________ absorbed and ureters come to open on bladder

A

mesonephric ducts

65
Q

urethra is derived from ______ of _____

A

endoderm of urogenital sinus

66
Q

absence of kidney (left usually absent and right hypertrophied)

A

unilateral renal agenesis

67
Q

associated with oligohydramnios and incompatible with postnatal life

A

bilateral renal agenesis

68
Q

poles of kidney are fused

A

horseshoe kidney

69
Q

incomplete division of ureteric primordium results with single kidney and 2 ureters, or complete division results in double kidney with bifid or separate ureters

A

supernumerary kidney or ureter

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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