Endocrine histology Flashcards by Anne McClendon

The endocrine system is composed of _________ that secrete _______ into the ________. Secretion is controlled by ___________.

ductless glands

hormone

blood stream

feedback mechanisms

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Three types of hormones, and an example of each + organs that produce them

Protein and peptide hormones

 - insulin
 - pituitary, parathyroid, C-cell, islets of Langerhans

Amino acid derivatives

 - epinephrine
 - adrenal medulla, thyroid

Steroid and fatty acid derivatives

- testosterone, progesterone
- adrenal cortex

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Two parts of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

anterior (adenohypophysis)

posterior (neurohypophysis)

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the adenohypophysis is derived from _______ (and the name for it)

it has two regions:

oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

pars distalis and pars intermedia

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cells found in pars distalis of adenohypophysis and what they produce (2 cell types)

acidophils - GH, prolactin

basophils - FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

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the cells of the adenohypophysis are stimulated by releasing factors from the ______

hypothalamus

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the neurohypophysis is derived from _______, a downgrowth from the _______

neuroectoderm

hypothalamus

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region of the posterior pituitary

pars nervosa

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what’s found in the neurohypophysis? (2) and what hormones are stored there?

axons from neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei

Herring bodies

 - vasopressin (ADH)
 - oxytocin

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expanded nerve fibers for hormone storage, but NOT production

Herring bodies

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ADH is made in the _______ of the hypothalamus

Oxytocin is made in the ______ of the hypothalamus

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

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Hormone source and target:

ACTH
GH
MSH
TSH
FSH, LH
Prolactin
Oxytocin 
ADH

ACTH - ant. pit.; adrenal cortex
GH - ant. pit; protein production (bones, muscle)
MSH - skin
TSH - ant. pit; thyroid
FSH, LH - ant. pit.; testes and ovaries
Prolactin - ant. pit,; breast (milk production)
oxytocin - post. pit; breast and muscle contraction
ADH - post. pit; kidney

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Blood supply to pituitary gland is through the

hypophyseal portal system

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hypophyseal portal system connects the ______ to the _______

primary capillary plexus to the secondary capillary plexus

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primary capillary plexus drains_______ and carries releasing hormones to _______

secondary capillary plexus drains ________ and carries hormones to the ________ –> ________

hypothalamus; hypophysis

hypophysis; hypophyseal veins –> systemic circulation

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which stains darker, and why?

anterior or posterior pituitary

anterior - chromophils

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acromegaly is almost always caused by ________

pituitary adenomas

stored thyroid hormone

colloid

structure of thyroid

2 glands (bilobed) connected by isthmus

_______ composed of ________ cells form colloid bound to _______

Follicles

follicular cells

thyroglobulin

what is iodinated colloid

T3 and T4 (thyroxine) – active thyroid hormones

two types of cells in the thyroid gland and what they are for

follicular cells - secretes thyroglobulin which is then cleaved to release hormones

C-cells (parafollicular cells) - b/w follicles; secrete calcitonin (DECREASES serum calcium)

follicular cells in thyroid surround

colloid “cysts”

hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells leading to hyperthyroidism

common symptom is exophthalmos

Graves’ disease

enlargement of thyroid gland as a result of iodine deficiency

Goiter

two types of cells found in parathyroid glands, and what they are for

Chief cells - secrete PTH (INCREASES calcium levels) Oxyphil cells - inactive chief cells?

There are ___ adrenal glands and each has an outer ____ and inner _____

2 cortex; medulla

The adrenal cortex makes these ________ derived hormones (3)

cholesterol derived (steroids) mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

the adrenal medulla makes these _______ derived hormones (3)

amino acid derived (catecholamines) epinephrine, norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex is derived from ________

mesoderm

Three layers of adrenal cortex (superficial to deep) and what they produce Gobstoppers For Rations

Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids: aldosterone (control fluid and electrolyte balance) Zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids: cortisol (control metabolism) Zona reticularis - androgens (weak masculinizing hormones)

decreased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex steroid treatment is required for survival

Addison's disease

Small tumors on the anterior pituitary that cause an increase in ACTH and an overproduction of cortisol (resulting in moon face)

Cushing's disease

adrenal medulla is derived from

neural crest cells

two types of cells in adrenal medulla and what they're for

Chromaffin cells - contain epi and norepi in pre-formed granules Ganglion cells - receive sympathetic stimuli and cause chromaffin cells to degranulate

aka "epithalamus" controls circadian rhythm

pineal gland

cells found in pineal gland and what they're for (2)

pinealocyte - synthesize and release melatonin at night; inhibit GH release interstitial cells - neuroglial cells (astrocytes)

the endocrine portion of the pancreas

islets of Langerhans

cell types of islets of Langerhans (5) and what they're for All Good Boys Initially Do Something Foolish (Period) Gotta Go

alpha cells - glucagon to increase blood sugar beta cells - insulin to decrease blood sugar delta cells - somatostatin to inhibit both endocrine and exocrine pancreas secretions F cells - pancreatic polypeptide to inhibit exocrine pancreas G cells - gastrin to increase HCl secretion in stomach

Describe: Type I diabetes Type II diabetes

Type I: insulin dependent; beta cells are destroyed Type II: non-insulin dependent; insulin antagonism with impaired secretion - islets are ultimately exhausted; may be reversed with lifestyle changes