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Histology & Embryology > Endocrine histology > Flashcards

Endocrine histology Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is composed of _________ that secrete _______ into the ________. Secretion is controlled by ___________.

A

ductless glands

hormone

blood stream

feedback mechanisms

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2
Q

Three types of hormones, and an example of each + organs that produce them

A

Protein and peptide hormones

 - insulin
 - pituitary, parathyroid, C-cell, islets of Langerhans

Amino acid derivatives

 - epinephrine
 - adrenal medulla, thyroid

Steroid and fatty acid derivatives

- testosterone, progesterone
- adrenal cortex
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3
Q

Two parts of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

anterior (adenohypophysis)

posterior (neurohypophysis)

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4
Q

the adenohypophysis is derived from _______ (and the name for it)

it has two regions:

A

oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

pars distalis and pars intermedia

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5
Q

cells found in pars distalis of adenohypophysis and what they produce (2 cell types)

A

acidophils - GH, prolactin

basophils - FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

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6
Q

the cells of the adenohypophysis are stimulated by releasing factors from the ______

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

the neurohypophysis is derived from _______, a downgrowth from the _______

A

neuroectoderm

hypothalamus

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8
Q

region of the posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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9
Q

what’s found in the neurohypophysis? (2) and what hormones are stored there?

A

axons from neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei

Herring bodies

 - vasopressin (ADH)
 - oxytocin
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10
Q

expanded nerve fibers for hormone storage, but NOT production

A

Herring bodies

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11
Q

ADH is made in the _______ of the hypothalamus

Oxytocin is made in the ______ of the hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

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12
Q

Hormone source and target:

ACTH
GH
MSH
TSH
FSH, LH
Prolactin
Oxytocin 
ADH
A

ACTH - ant. pit.; adrenal cortex
GH - ant. pit; protein production (bones, muscle)
MSH - skin
TSH - ant. pit; thyroid
FSH, LH - ant. pit.; testes and ovaries
Prolactin - ant. pit,; breast (milk production)
oxytocin - post. pit; breast and muscle contraction
ADH - post. pit; kidney

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13
Q

Blood supply to pituitary gland is through the

A

hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

hypophyseal portal system connects the ______ to the _______

A

primary capillary plexus to the secondary capillary plexus

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15
Q

primary capillary plexus drains_______ and carries releasing hormones to _______

secondary capillary plexus drains ________ and carries hormones to the ________ –> ________

A

hypothalamus; hypophysis

hypophysis; hypophyseal veins –> systemic circulation

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16
Q

which stains darker, and why?

anterior or posterior pituitary

A

anterior - chromophils

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17
Q

acromegaly is almost always caused by ________

A

pituitary adenomas

18
Q

stored thyroid hormone

A

colloid

19
Q

structure of thyroid

A

2 glands (bilobed) connected by isthmus

20
Q

_______ composed of ________ cells form colloid bound to _______

A

Follicles

follicular cells

thyroglobulin

21
Q

what is iodinated colloid

A

T3 and T4 (thyroxine) – active thyroid hormones

22
Q

two types of cells in the thyroid gland and what they are for

A

follicular cells - secretes thyroglobulin which is then cleaved to release hormones

C-cells (parafollicular cells) - b/w follicles; secrete calcitonin (DECREASES serum calcium)

23
Q

follicular cells in thyroid surround

A

colloid “cysts”

24
Q

hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells leading to hyperthyroidism

common symptom is exophthalmos

A

Graves’ disease

25
Q

enlargement of thyroid gland as a result of iodine deficiency

A

Goiter

26
Q

two types of cells found in parathyroid glands, and what they are for

A

Chief cells - secrete PTH (INCREASES calcium levels)

Oxyphil cells - inactive chief cells?

27
Q

There are ___ adrenal glands and each has an outer ____ and inner _____

A

2

cortex; medulla

28
Q

The adrenal cortex makes these ________ derived hormones (3)

A

cholesterol derived (steroids)

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

29
Q

the adrenal medulla makes these _______ derived hormones (3)

A

amino acid derived (catecholamines)

epinephrine, norepinephrine

30
Q

Adrenal cortex is derived from ________

A

mesoderm

31
Q

Three layers of adrenal cortex (superficial to deep) and what they produce

Gobstoppers For Rations

A

Zona glomerulosa
- mineralocorticoids: aldosterone (control fluid and electrolyte balance)

Zona fasiculata
- glucocorticoids: cortisol (control metabolism)

Zona reticularis
- androgens (weak masculinizing hormones)

32
Q

decreased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex

steroid treatment is required for survival

A

Addison’s disease

33
Q

Small tumors on the anterior pituitary that cause an increase in ACTH and an overproduction of cortisol (resulting in moon face)

A

Cushing’s disease

34
Q

adrenal medulla is derived from

A

neural crest cells

35
Q

two types of cells in adrenal medulla and what they’re for

A

Chromaffin cells - contain epi and norepi in pre-formed granules

Ganglion cells - receive sympathetic stimuli and cause chromaffin cells to degranulate

36
Q

aka “epithalamus”

controls circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland

37
Q

cells found in pineal gland and what they’re for (2)

A

pinealocyte - synthesize and release melatonin at night; inhibit GH release

interstitial cells - neuroglial cells (astrocytes)

38
Q

the endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

islets of Langerhans

39
Q

cell types of islets of Langerhans (5) and what they’re for

All Good Boys Initially Do Something Foolish (Period) Gotta Go

A

alpha cells - glucagon to increase blood sugar

beta cells - insulin to decrease blood sugar

delta cells - somatostatin to inhibit both endocrine and exocrine pancreas secretions

F cells - pancreatic polypeptide to inhibit exocrine pancreas

G cells - gastrin to increase HCl secretion in stomach

40
Q

Describe:

Type I diabetes

Type II diabetes

A

Type I: insulin dependent; beta cells are destroyed

Type II: non-insulin dependent; insulin antagonism with impaired secretion - islets are ultimately exhausted; may be reversed with lifestyle changes

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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