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Histology & Embryology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

unless stated otherwise, all respiratory epithelium is

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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2
Q

two functional divisions of the respiratory system and what they do

A

conducting portion - filters, warms, humidifies, and conducts air to the area for gas exchange

respiratory portion - area where respiratory gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

7 parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity with conchae

paranasal sinuses

nasopharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles- terminal

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4
Q

3 parts of respiratory portion of respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveoli

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5
Q

the vestibule region is the ______ portion of the nasal cavity and it is lined by _______ (short, stiff hairs)

A

anterior

vibrissae

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6
Q

3 layers of vestibule region of nasal cavity

A

mucosa - stratified squamous
submucosa- loose CT
adventitia - dense irregular

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7
Q

region that takes up most of nasal cavity

A

respiratory region

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8
Q

the mucosa of the respiratory region of the contains (epi)

A

pseudostratified ciliated

and goblet cells

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9
Q

region at roof of nasal cavity; contains bipolar neurons

A

olfactory region

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10
Q

where are paranasal sinuses found and what do they do

A

within bones of face (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid)

make skull lighter, change sound of voice, and warm and humidify the air

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11
Q

what’s different about the mucosa of the nasopharynx, and why?

A

transitions from respiratory to stratified squamous next to larynx

with swallowing, it needs to be ok for some cells to be sloughed off

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12
Q

where is the larynx

A

between pharynx and trachea

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13
Q

cells found in respiratory epithelium on interior surface of larynx (2)

A

goblet cells - secrete mucin

ciliated columnar cells - move mucus

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14
Q

where are serous glands in the larynx? what do they secrete?

A

submucosa

watery-like secretion rich in bactericidal enzymes

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15
Q

what can be found in the adventitia of the trachea (2)?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that open posteriorly

trachealis muscle (longitudinal, along dorsal surface)

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16
Q

bronchi decrease in _______ as it divides and increase in ______ (secondary and tertiary)

A

cartilage and glands

smooth muscle

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17
Q

bronchi have a tunica muscularis - why?

A

to accommodate bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

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18
Q

cartilage ring become what in secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

plates of cartilage

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19
Q

two kinds of club cells found in mucosa of primary bronchioles

A

columnar cells - secretory product; P450 to degrade inhaled toxins

germinative cells - regenerate epithelium

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20
Q

primary bronchioles have smooth muscle but do NOT have (2)

A

glands or cartilage

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21
Q

last segment of conducting portion of respiratory system

A

terminal bronchioles

22
Q

what tissue are terminal bronchioles composed of

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia and no goblet cells

23
Q

space in respiratory portion lined by alveoli

A

alveolar duct

24
Q

gas exchange unit; grouped in lobules/sacs

A

alveolus

25
Q

cells found lining alveolus (3) along with simple squamous epithelium

A

type I pneumocyte: gas exchange site

type II pneumocyte: produces surfactant; germinative cell

alveolar macrophages: phagocytose dust and bacteria

26
Q

area between alveoli

A

interalveolar septa

27
Q

what’s found in the interalveolar septa? (2)

A

type I pneumocytes

ducts for alveolar pore (pore of Kohn)

28
Q

parietal pleura lines ______

visceral pleura lines ______

both are composed of (tissue)

A

thoracic wall

lung

simple squamous (mesothelium)

29
Q

made of loose connective tissue bands; extends from pleura to lung hilus

A

lung interstitium

30
Q

what does lung interstitium do?

A

subdivides lung parenchyma and surrounds pulmonary lobules

carries nerves, vessels, and lymphatics

31
Q

respiratory system starts as outgrowth of _______ in week ___

A

laryngotracheal groove (at primordial pharynx)

4

32
Q

pouch-like structure that elongates to form respiratory bud and separates from primordial pharynx

A

laryngotracheal diverticulum

33
Q

at respiratory bud, trachea and esophagus are one and need to be divided. How does this happen?

A

Tracheoesophageal folds develop.

Folds fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum which divides the laryngotracheal tube (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) ventrally from the dorsal oropharynx and esophagus

34
Q

cells from the __ and ___ pharyngeal arches fuse to form __________

A

4th and 6th

laryngeal cartilages

35
Q

laryngeal cartilages grow toward the tongue changing glottis into_____

A

T-shaped laryngeal inlet

36
Q

recanalization of larynx happens in week___

A

10

37
Q

what else forms during laryngeal recanalization?

A

laryngeal ventricles (voice box)

38
Q

which arches from the epiglottis

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

39
Q

myoblasts from ___ and ___ arches form laryngeal muscles

A

4th and 6th

40
Q

trachea development:

endoderm of laryngotracheal tube gives rise to ______

splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to ________

A

epithelium

cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea

41
Q

respiratory bud divides into 2 outpouchings called _____

A

primary bronchial buds

42
Q

at 7 weeks, segmental bronchi have developed with surrounding tissue to form the _____

at 24 weeks, ________ have developed

A

bronchopulmonary segment

respiratory bronchioles

43
Q

lung maturation:

_________ (5 to 17 weeks)

_________ (16-25 weeks)

_________ (24 weeks to late fetal period)

_________ (late fetal period to 8 years)

A

pseudoglandular period

canalicular period

terminal saccular period

alveolar period

44
Q

which period of lung maturation:

lungs resemble exocrine gland and have no gas exchange function; fetuses not able to survive

A

pseudoglandular (5 to 17 weeks)

45
Q

which period of lung maturation:

lung tissue is highly vascular, respiration bronchioles have developed to allow for gas exchange at END of this period; fetus may survive at end

A

canalicular period (16-25 weeks)

46
Q

which period of lung maturation:

blood-air barrier established allowing for adequate gas exchange; type 1 and type 2 cells have formed; fetus likely to survive

A

terminal saccular period (24 weeks to late fetal)

47
Q

which period of lung maturation:

95% of alveoli develop postnatally by continued growth size and adding respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar period (late fetal to 8 years)

48
Q

what are the lungs like at birth? (think fluid) How are they aerated?

A

half filled with fluid from amniotic fluid, lungs, and tracheal glands

fluid is replaced by air via mouth and nose during delivery, pulmonary capillaries, arteries and veins, and lymphatics

49
Q

respiratory anomaly:

abnormal passage between trachea and esophagus

A

tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

50
Q

respiratory anomaly:

insufficient amount of amniotic fluid leading to insufficient lung development

A

oligohydramnios

51
Q

respiratory anomaly:

infants have rapid, labored breathing due to surfactant deficiency

A

respiratory distress syndrome

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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