Respiratory Flashcards
unless stated otherwise, all respiratory epithelium is
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
two functional divisions of the respiratory system and what they do
conducting portion - filters, warms, humidifies, and conducts air to the area for gas exchange
respiratory portion - area where respiratory gas exchange occurs
7 parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity with conchae
paranasal sinuses
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles- terminal
3 parts of respiratory portion of respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
the vestibule region is the ______ portion of the nasal cavity and it is lined by _______ (short, stiff hairs)
anterior
vibrissae
3 layers of vestibule region of nasal cavity
mucosa - stratified squamous
submucosa- loose CT
adventitia - dense irregular
region that takes up most of nasal cavity
respiratory region
the mucosa of the respiratory region of the contains (epi)
pseudostratified ciliated
and goblet cells
region at roof of nasal cavity; contains bipolar neurons
olfactory region
where are paranasal sinuses found and what do they do
within bones of face (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid)
make skull lighter, change sound of voice, and warm and humidify the air
what’s different about the mucosa of the nasopharynx, and why?
transitions from respiratory to stratified squamous next to larynx
with swallowing, it needs to be ok for some cells to be sloughed off
where is the larynx
between pharynx and trachea
cells found in respiratory epithelium on interior surface of larynx (2)
goblet cells - secrete mucin
ciliated columnar cells - move mucus
where are serous glands in the larynx? what do they secrete?
submucosa
watery-like secretion rich in bactericidal enzymes
what can be found in the adventitia of the trachea (2)?
C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that open posteriorly
trachealis muscle (longitudinal, along dorsal surface)
bronchi decrease in _______ as it divides and increase in ______ (secondary and tertiary)
cartilage and glands
smooth muscle
bronchi have a tunica muscularis - why?
to accommodate bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction
cartilage ring become what in secondary and tertiary bronchi?
plates of cartilage
two kinds of club cells found in mucosa of primary bronchioles
columnar cells - secretory product; P450 to degrade inhaled toxins
germinative cells - regenerate epithelium
primary bronchioles have smooth muscle but do NOT have (2)
glands or cartilage
last segment of conducting portion of respiratory system
terminal bronchioles
what tissue are terminal bronchioles composed of
simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia and no goblet cells
space in respiratory portion lined by alveoli
alveolar duct
gas exchange unit; grouped in lobules/sacs
alveolus
cells found lining alveolus (3) along with simple squamous epithelium
type I pneumocyte: gas exchange site
type II pneumocyte: produces surfactant; germinative cell
alveolar macrophages: phagocytose dust and bacteria
area between alveoli
interalveolar septa
what’s found in the interalveolar septa? (2)
type I pneumocytes
ducts for alveolar pore (pore of Kohn)
parietal pleura lines ______
visceral pleura lines ______
both are composed of (tissue)
thoracic wall
lung
simple squamous (mesothelium)
made of loose connective tissue bands; extends from pleura to lung hilus
lung interstitium
what does lung interstitium do?
subdivides lung parenchyma and surrounds pulmonary lobules
carries nerves, vessels, and lymphatics
respiratory system starts as outgrowth of _______ in week ___
laryngotracheal groove (at primordial pharynx)
4
pouch-like structure that elongates to form respiratory bud and separates from primordial pharynx
laryngotracheal diverticulum
at respiratory bud, trachea and esophagus are one and need to be divided. How does this happen?
Tracheoesophageal folds develop.
Folds fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum which divides the laryngotracheal tube (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) ventrally from the dorsal oropharynx and esophagus
cells from the __ and ___ pharyngeal arches fuse to form __________
4th and 6th
laryngeal cartilages
laryngeal cartilages grow toward the tongue changing glottis into_____
T-shaped laryngeal inlet
recanalization of larynx happens in week___
10
what else forms during laryngeal recanalization?
laryngeal ventricles (voice box)
which arches from the epiglottis
3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
myoblasts from ___ and ___ arches form laryngeal muscles
4th and 6th
trachea development:
endoderm of laryngotracheal tube gives rise to ______
splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to ________
epithelium
cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea
respiratory bud divides into 2 outpouchings called _____
primary bronchial buds
at 7 weeks, segmental bronchi have developed with surrounding tissue to form the _____
at 24 weeks, ________ have developed
bronchopulmonary segment
respiratory bronchioles
lung maturation:
_________ (5 to 17 weeks)
_________ (16-25 weeks)
_________ (24 weeks to late fetal period)
_________ (late fetal period to 8 years)
pseudoglandular period
canalicular period
terminal saccular period
alveolar period
which period of lung maturation:
lungs resemble exocrine gland and have no gas exchange function; fetuses not able to survive
pseudoglandular (5 to 17 weeks)
which period of lung maturation:
lung tissue is highly vascular, respiration bronchioles have developed to allow for gas exchange at END of this period; fetus may survive at end
canalicular period (16-25 weeks)
which period of lung maturation:
blood-air barrier established allowing for adequate gas exchange; type 1 and type 2 cells have formed; fetus likely to survive
terminal saccular period (24 weeks to late fetal)
which period of lung maturation:
95% of alveoli develop postnatally by continued growth size and adding respiratory bronchioles
alveolar period (late fetal to 8 years)
what are the lungs like at birth? (think fluid) How are they aerated?
half filled with fluid from amniotic fluid, lungs, and tracheal glands
fluid is replaced by air via mouth and nose during delivery, pulmonary capillaries, arteries and veins, and lymphatics
respiratory anomaly:
abnormal passage between trachea and esophagus
tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
respiratory anomaly:
insufficient amount of amniotic fluid leading to insufficient lung development
oligohydramnios
respiratory anomaly:
infants have rapid, labored breathing due to surfactant deficiency
respiratory distress syndrome
