Lecture 1 - Intro Flashcards
5 steps of tissue processing for light microscopy
- fixation
- dehydration and cleaning
- embedding
- sectioning
- mounting and staining the sections
acidic stains have a net _______ charge and are attracted to structures with a net _______ charge
negative
positive
acidophilic cell structures
proteins cytoplasm filaments intracellular membrane bound structures fibers
basic stains have a net ______ charge and are attracted to structures with a net ______ charge
positive
negative
basophilic cell structures
nucleic acids glycosaminoglycans proteins (carboxyl) heterochromatin cytoplasmic components
Describe immunohistochemistry
uses antibodies to detect very specific proteins or antigens within a cell (direct or indirect), stains or fluoresces under the microscope
Describe in-situ hybridization
uses a nucleotide probe to detect specific mRNA or DNA gene sequence
probes are tagged with peroxidase or fluorescent label to enhance visualization (FISH)
Difference between TEM and SEM
TEM = electrons pass through the sample (flat black and white picture) SEM = electrons are reflected back from the sample
define inclusions
nonliving components of the cell that are not bound by membrane
what is the cytosol?
watery part inside the cell, where metabolic reactions take place
4 surface modification of the plasma membrane
cilia
flagella - motile projection
microvilli - absorption (brush border in SI, colon, and kidney)
sterocilia - long microvilli found in epididymis and hair cells of inner ear
function of rough ER
synthesis of proteins for secretion
function of smooth ER
synthesis of steroids, cholesterol, and triglycerides
are ribosomes basophilic or acidophilic?
what are they made of?
basophilic
rRNA
when to ribosomal subunits assemble together?
when protein synthesis STARTS
two faces of the golgi apparatus
cis-face: closest to rER, receives new proteins, convex in shape
trans-face: furthest from rER, contains vesicles to transport proteins, concave
what is Tay-Sachs disease
lysosomal storage disease
incapable of degrading macromolecules in nervous tissue - lysosomes become engorged causing early death
what functions to mitochondria perform? (2)
oxidative phosphorylation
lipid synthesis
three types of inclusions
glycogen (storage form of glucose)
lipids (triglycerides in storage form)
pigments (hemoglobin in RBCs, melanin in skin, hair and eyes)
3 major components of the cytoskeleton
microtubules - provide rigidity
thin filaments (actin) - contractile bundles for cellular movement
intermediate filaments - anchor nucleus in place and structural support
