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Histology & Embryology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

mesenchyme forms _________ _________, which appear in week 5

A

chondrification centers

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2
Q

produce cartilage material

A

chondroblasts

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3
Q

forms bases for most of the skeleton

A

chondrification centers

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4
Q

maintenance cells for hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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5
Q

four jobs of bone

A

structural framework

protection of organs

attachment for muscle

storage for minerals

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6
Q

shaft of long bone

A

diaphysis

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7
Q

articular ends of long bone

A

epiphysis

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8
Q

growth plate - cartilage, separates growing bones

A

epiphyseal plate

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9
Q

between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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10
Q

anchored by Sharpey’s fibers and covers diaphysis

A

periosteum

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11
Q

four kinds of bone

A

woven bone

lamellar bone

cortical (compact) bone

trabecular bone

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12
Q

composed of lamellar bone arranged in osteons

has periosteal and endosteal surfaces

A

cortical (compact) bone

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13
Q

type of bone present in medullary cavity and ends of long bones

A

trabecular (spongy) bone

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14
Q

forms at sites of periosteal injury and is temporary

A

woven bone

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15
Q

type of bone that contains lacunar osteocytes

A

lamellar bone

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16
Q

provides tensile strength and flexibility in collagenous organic matrix

A

type I collagen

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17
Q

_________ stimulates the glycoproteins in non-collagenous organic matrix

A

vitamin D

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18
Q

non-mineralized bone matrix

A

osteoid

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19
Q

gives bones hardness; storage site for calcium and phosphorus

A

hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

bone forming cells

produce organic matrix by surrounding itself (osteoid)

have PTH receptors

A

osteoblasts

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21
Q

mature bone cells

located in lacunae

radiate in all directions in canaliculi

A

osteocytes

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22
Q

help regulate minute-to-minute Ca influx (2)

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

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23
Q

osteoclasts are derived from_________

A

monocytes

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24
Q

places for resorption of bone; where osteoclasts sit

A

Howship’s lacuna

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25
Q

bone removing cells (resorb bone); respond indirectly to PTH

A

osteoclasts

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26
Q

why do concentric lamellae run perpendicular to each other?

A

creates strength

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27
Q

another name for osteon

A

Haversian canal

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28
Q

outermost boundary of osteon

A

cementing line

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29
Q

bone forms within an accumulation of mesenchymal or fibrous tissue; no cartilage model

A

intramembranous ossification

30
Q

bone forms in a cartilage model; cartilage is removed and replaced by bone

A

endochondral ossification

31
Q

has 5 zones and provides longitudinal bone growth

A

epiphyseal plate

32
Q

5 zones of epiphyseal plate

A

resting zone/reserve cartilage

proliferation

hypertrophy and maturation

calcification

ossification

33
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchyme condense and differentiate cells to form osteoblasts.

osteoblasts deposit osteoid and get trapped to form osteocytes

this process forms lamellae, which then from osteons

34
Q

Describe the primary center of endochondral ossification

A

appears in diaphysis and develops towards epiphysis

matrix becomes calcified and perichondrium becomes periosteum

**diaphysis is ossified by birth

35
Q

describe secondary centers of endochondral ossifiaction

A

appear in epiphysis during first few years of life

36
Q

when does epiphyseal plate become ossified?

A

when growth is complete

~20 years

37
Q

on which side is cartilage replaced in length-wise bone growth?

A

diaphyseal side

38
Q

describe width-wise bone growth (and another name for it)

A

bone deposits at the periosteum and resorption at the endosteum

aka appositional growth

39
Q

bone production + resorption to allow adaptation of skeleton

occurs throughout life

A

remodeling

40
Q

what is Wolff’s Law?

A

bone will remodel to accommodate the stress placed on it

41
Q

Factors stimulating bone production (3)

A

Growth hormone

calcitonin (from parathyroid cells)

Bone compression

42
Q

Factors stimulating bone resorption (2)

A

PTH

Bone tension

43
Q

when do vertebrae begin developing

A

week 4

44
Q

what are sclerotomes

A

paired tissue from somites that begin to surround notochord (week 4 - vertebral development)

45
Q

cranial sclerotomes are _________ arranged

caudal sclerotomes are _________ arranged

A

loosely

densely

46
Q

what is the centrum

A

beginning vertebral body

47
Q

what do sclerotomes form? (2)

A

IV discs

centrum

48
Q

when do chondrification centers appear in mesenchyme in vertebral development?

A

week 6

49
Q

extension of chondrification centers develop (2)

A

spinous processes

transverse processes

50
Q

Vertebral development

Week 12:

At birth:

At puberty:

A

week 12: primary ossification centers are present

at birth: fusion of vertebral arch and centrum (caudal to cranial)

At puberty: secondary ossification centers present in spinous, transverse, and body (2)

51
Q

what is hemivertebra

A

failure of 2 chondrification centers to unite

leads to scoliosis

52
Q

what is the calvaria

A

skull cap

53
Q

what are fontanelles

A

6 fibrous areas that allow calvaria to undergo changes in shape during birth

54
Q

bone around brain

A

neurocranium

55
Q

3 bones at base of cranium that undergo endochondral ossification

A

occipital bone

sphenoid

ethmoid

56
Q

bones forming face

A

viscerocranium

57
Q

viscerocranium forms from ______

A

1st pharyngeal arch

58
Q

premature closure of cranial sutures
- scaphocephaly (sagittal)

- brachycephaly (coronal)
A

craniosynostosis

59
Q

appendicular development begins in week ___ and is regulated by ______ and patterning pathways

A

6

Hox genes

60
Q

which appears first?

pectoral girdle and upper limbs

pelvic girdle and lower limbs

A

pectoral girdle and upper limbs

61
Q

primary ossification centers of limb bones appear in week ___

A

12

62
Q

first bone to ossify

A

clavicle

63
Q

rate of ossification of this bone is used to predict gestational age

A

femur

64
Q

when do secondary ossification centers first appear

A

34 - 38 weeks

65
Q

affects endochondrial ossification and disrupts growth at epiphyseal plates in fetal growth

A

achondroplasia

66
Q

six steps of fracture healing

A

hematoma (1 hour)

hematoma and bone necrosis (1-2 days)

organization of hematoma - soft callus (1-2 weeks)

early ossification (3-8 weeks)

late ossification with remodeling - hard callus (2-8 months)

healed and remodeled fracture (1-3 years)

67
Q

joint with greatest range of motion

has cavity filled with fluid, surrounded by joint capsule

bone surfaces lined by articular cartilage

A

synovial joint

68
Q

joint with minimal range of motion

lacks a joint cavity

A

fibrous joint

69
Q

three types of fibrous joint

A

synostosis: interdigitating bone
synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage
syndesmosis: fibrous tissue/fibrous cartilage

70
Q

leads to epiphyseal plate chondrodystrophy (Rickets)

A

vitamin D deficiency

71
Q

deficiency of vitamin C affecting collagen production of bone matrix

A

scurvy

72
Q

accumulation of unmineralized osteoid

A

osteomalacia

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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