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Histology & Embryology > Nervous System Histology > Flashcards

Nervous System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

somatic NS is made of

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

autonomic NS is made of

A

smooth muscle, heart, and glands

- sympathetic NS
- parasympathetic NS
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3
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

stacked RER making neurotransmitter

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4
Q

4 parts of neuron

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axons
axon terminals

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5
Q

receive stimuli and have spines located on surfaces that regress with age and poor nutrition

A

dendrites

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6
Q

conduct impulses

A

axons

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7
Q

anterograde transport is _________

retrograde transport is _________

A

from cell body to axon terminal

from axon terminal to cell body

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8
Q

where synapse happens

A

axon terminal

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9
Q

nerve cell body inclusions (3)

A

melanin
lipofuscin
lipid droplets

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10
Q

affects of age on lipofuscin

A

increases with age

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11
Q

3 functional types of neurons

A

sensory (afferent)
- info from nerves TO CNS

motor (efferent)
- infro FROM CNS to nerves

interneurons
- interconnectors between neurons

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12
Q

3 structural types of neurons

A

bipolar

- one dendrite, one axon
- ear and eye

unipolar
- DRG, cranial nerves

multipolar

 - mainly motor neurons
 - typically have one axon
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13
Q

what do neuroglia do?

what do neuroglia NOT do?

A

support (physical, metabolic, regulatory) neurons

propagate action potentials

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14
Q

Cells that can respond to CNS injury and can form scar tissue, are part of the BBB, and have pedicels that connect to vessels

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

describe fibrous astrocytes

A

cells processes are long and unbranched near pia mater

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16
Q

Layers of the BBB (from capillary lumen)

A

endothelium with tight junctions and molecular transport

basement membrane

astrocytes

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17
Q

cells that provide myelin sheath around axons of the CNS
aligned in rows along axons in WHITE MATTER
Can wrap around MULTIPLE AXONS

A

oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

microglia

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19
Q

cells that line ventricles and spinal canal and help produce CSF

A

ependymal cells

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20
Q

vessels pass through which layer of the meninges

A

arachnoid

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21
Q

what is in gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies organized into groups:

 - layers in cortices
 - nuclei in medulla and brain stem
 - ventral and dorsal horns in SC
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22
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated tracts of axons

23
Q

if the cerebrum is arranged in gyri and sulci, then the cerebellum is arranged in ______

A

folia

24
Q

3 layers of neurons in the cerebellum

A

molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granular layer

25
Q

what makes up the brain stem? (3)

A

diencephalon
mesencephalon
medulla oblongata

26
Q

what happens in ventricular system?

A

CSF generation and circulation

27
Q

how many ventricles are there, and where?

A

2 lateral in cerebral hemispheres

3rd in mesencephalon

4th in medulla oblongata

28
Q

ependymal cells organize into _______ which produce ______

A

choroid plexuses

CSF

29
Q

what happens in dorsal and ventral horns of SC

A

dorsal - sensory input

ventral - motor output

30
Q

cells that form myelin sheaths in PNS

1 cell can myelinate 1 axon

A

Schwann cells

31
Q

gaps between myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

32
Q

General structure of peripheral nerve

A

bundle of axons surrounded by Schwann cells and connective tissue sheaths

33
Q

levels of connective tissue sheath in a nerve

A

epineurium - around entire nerve

perineurium - around a bundle of axons (fascicle)

endoneurium - around each axon

34
Q

motor axons to skeletal muscle –> motor end plate

A

somatic efferent axons

35
Q

motor axons to organs

A

visceral efferent (involve 2 neurons - pre- and post-ganglionic)

36
Q

where are cell bodies of sensory nerves?

A

in sensory ganglia outside CNS

37
Q

where can you find sensory peripheral ganglia?

A

dorsal root ganglia

ganglia for CN V, VII, IX, X

38
Q

where can you find sensory autonomic ganglia?

A

paravertebral chain of ganglia

adjacent to abd aorta, adrenal gland

head

39
Q

scattered and small clusters of neurons in intestinal wall

A

myenteric and submucosal plexuses

40
Q

in PNS nerve regeneration, what happens:

at site of the damage

distal to site of damage

proximal to site of damage

A

at site –> severed ends of axons retract away from each other

distal –> Waller-ian degeneration - distal portion of axon disintegrates

proximal –> prox axon degenerates and regrows new axon

41
Q

four types of synapses

A

axodendritic

axosomatic

axoaxonic

dendrodendritic

42
Q

what is the terminal bouton

A

axon terminal end

43
Q

three types of neurotransmitter

A

small-molecule transmitters

neuropeptides

gases

44
Q

small-molecule transmitters

A

Ach, GABA, catecholamines

45
Q

neuropeptides

A

endorphins, ADH, oxytocin

46
Q

Gases

A

nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO)

47
Q

Ach is excitatory at ____ and inhibitory at _______

A

neuro-muscular junction

heart

48
Q

excessive amount of CSF in ventricles due to increased production, decreased absorption, etc.

A

hydrocephalus

49
Q

progressive demyelination of the CNS due to autoimmune disease

A

Multiple Sclerosis

50
Q

Rapid demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor nerves

A

Guillain-Barre

51
Q

loss of cells that produce GABA, leading to spastic movements (hereditary)

A

Huntington’s Chorea

52
Q

loss of dopamine in brain leading to slow movement and resting tremor

A

Parkinson’s disease

53
Q

slow growing tumors of the meninges

A

meningiomas

54
Q

inflammation of the meninges resulting from infection of CSF

A

meningitis

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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