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HUBS 192 > Urinary/renal systems 2 > Flashcards

Urinary/renal systems 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons are there in each kidney

A

Approx. 1 million

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2
Q

What are the two types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons - 85%

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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3
Q

What is the main different between the two types of nephrons

A

Cortical lies mainly in cortex and Juxtamedullary extends deep into the medulla

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4
Q

What is the juxtamedullary nephrons important for

A

Formation of concentrated urine

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5
Q

What are the functions of the nephron

A

Selective blood filtering
Return anything to be kept to blood
Carry waste away for storage and expulsion

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6
Q

What is each nephron comprised of

A

Glomerular capsule
Renal tubules
Collecting duct

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7
Q

What is each nephrons associated with

A

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

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8
Q

Describe glomerular capillaries (what makes up glomerulus)

A

Thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells - specialised for filtration

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9
Q

What do arterioles do for glomerular capillaries

A

Feed and drain them

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10
Q

Describe where peritubular capillaries are

A

Wrap around renal tubules - specialised for absorption

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11
Q

What do peritubular capillaries do

A

Receive reabsorbed filtrate from nephron

Some non-filtered solutes needing to be excreted can pass into nephrons

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12
Q

What are vasa recta

A

Extensions that follow loops of Henle deep into medulla - only in Juxtamedullary

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13
Q

Describe the renal corpuscle

A

The glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule - where capillary and capsule meet - filtration barrier

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s)

A

Outer parietal - simple squamous

Inner visceral - podocytes

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15
Q

What is between the two layers of the glomerular capsule

A

Capsular space - receives filtrate

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16
Q

Where are podocytes located

A

Surrounding the glomerular capillaries

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17
Q

Describe podocytes

A

Very branched specialised epithelium - forms intertwining food processes - pedicles

18
Q

What forms between Pedicels

A

Filtration slits - Filtered blood moves through and passes into capsular space

19
Q

Describe the filtration barrier

A

Between blood and capsular space

20
Q

What does and doesn’t the filtration barrier allow through

A

Allows free passage of water and small molecules

Restricts most proteins and RBC (not filtered into nephron)

21
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration barrier

A 
Fenestrated endothelium (glomerular capillary)
Fused basement membrane 
Filtration slits between pedicels of podocytes
22
Q

Is everything that’s filtered secreted

A

No

23
Q

What happens after filtration

A

Urine is waste fluid
Solutes filtered from blood
Some filtrate reabsorbed
Some not unfiltered secreted into nephron

24
Q

What does urine equal

A

Urine = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

25
Q

What does the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) do

A

Bulk absorption - surrounded by peritubular capillaries

26
Q

Describe the structure of the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A 
Cuboidal epithelial 
Dense microvilli on luminal membrane 
Highly folded basolateral membrane 
Lots of mitochondria 
Leaky epithelium
27
Q

Where is the nephron loop located

A

Loops down into medulla

Surrounded by vasa recta (juxtamedullary)

28
Q

What is the length of the nephron loop important in

A

Production of dilute/concentrated urine

29
Q

Describe the structure of the nephron loop

A

Thick descending and ascending limb - Similar to DCT structure
Thin descending and ascending limb - Simple squamous epithelium

30
Q

Why are different area of the nephron loop different thicknesses

A

So they can have different permeabilities to water and sodium

31
Q

Describe the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

Fine tuning

Cuboidal epithelium - thinner than PCT

32
Q

Describe the structure of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

No brush boarder (few microvilli)

Fewer mitochondria

33
Q

What is reabsorption in the DCT mostly influenced by

A

Aldosterone - hormone

34
Q

Describe the collecting duct

A

Fine tuning

Filtrate from several DCT’s into one collecting duct

35
Q

Where do collecting ducts empty

A

At the Papilla

36
Q

Describe the structure of the collecting duct

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

37
Q

What are the two main cells in the collecting duct

A

Principle - reabsorption

Intercalated - Acid/Base balance

38
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

Specialised zone in every nephron - located where DCT lies against afferent arteriole

39
Q

What are the specialised cells in the DCT of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

DCT - Macula densa cells - chemoreceptors (sodium levels)

40
Q

What are the specialised cells in the DCT of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

Afferent arteriole - Juxtaglomerular cells - Mechanoreceptors (blood pressure

HUBS 192 (36 decks)

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