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HUBS 192 > Gastrointestinal system 6 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How many salivary glands are there

A

3 pairs
Sublingual
Submandibular
parotid

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2
Q

How much fluid do the salivary glands produce

A

1.5L per day
Basal secretion - 0.3 ml/min
Stimulated secretion - 1.5 ml/min

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3
Q

What is saliva made up of

A

Mucus
Dilute solute NaHCO3/NaCl - optimal pH
Digestive enzymes

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4
Q

What are the two main digestive enzymes in saliva

A

Lingual lipase - Fats

alpha-amylase - Starch

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5
Q

What does saliva aid

A

Talking
Chewing and swallowing
Hygiene
(Dissolves food and lubricates)

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6
Q

What is xerostomia

A

‘Dry mouth’ - due to lack of saliva

Can lead to tooth decay

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7
Q

How do nerves regulate salivary secretion

A

Though, smell and sight of food

Presence of food in mouth

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8
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate salivary secretion

A

Parasympathetic - stimulates secretion (copious quantities)

Sympathetic - Small volumes of viscous fluid

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9
Q

What volume of gastric secretion produced per day

A

2-3 L per day
Superimposed on basal rate when eating
Slow between meals

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10
Q

What makes up daily gastric secretion

A

Mucous (mucous cells)
HCL acid - 150 mls per hour (parietal cells)
Intrinsic factor (parietal cells)
Pepsinogen (chief cells)

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11
Q

What is he function of gastric mucous

A

Protection from abrasions and acid

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12
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor

A

Absorption of Vitamin B in SI

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13
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen

A

Gastric proteolytic enzyme

Converted to active form (pepsin) by acid and starts digestions of proteins

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14
Q

What is the function of gastric acid

A 
Dilutes fluid
Denatures proteins
Activates pepsinogen 
Optimum pH for pepsin
Protection (bacteria)
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15
Q

What are the thee phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic - head controls
Gastric - stomach controls
Intestinal - intestine controls

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16
Q

Describe the cephalic phase

A

Preparation for arrival of food - stimuli
Chewing action
Parasympathetic NS - via enteric stimulates parietal, chief and goblet cells - stimulates secretion of gastrin into blood

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17
Q

What does gastrin do

A

Stimulates parietal and chief cells

18
Q

Describe the stimuli of the gastric phase

A

Sufficient secretion to handle ingested food

Stimuli in stomach stretch/distend - elevated pH

19
Q

Describe hormonal and nervous regulation in the gastric phase

A

Local nervous reflex - ENS
External nervous system - parasympathetic
Stimulate secretion - gastrin - and motility

20
Q

Describe the stimuli of the intestinal phase

A

Controls delivery to small intestine - stimuli - distention of duodenum - arrival of acid chyme, lipids and carbohydrates

21
Q

Describe the nervous and hormonal regulation of the intestinal phase

A

Hormones - GIP, CCK, secretin
Nerves - Enterogastric reflex
Both inhibit secretion and motility

22
Q

What volume of secretion does the pancreas produce per day

A

1 - 1.5 L per day

23
Q

What are the two components of pancreatic secretion

A 
Enzymes (acinar cells) - chemical digestion
Alkaline fluid (duct cells) - bicarbonate - neutralise acid to optimal pH for enzymes
24
Q

What are the four most important pancreatic digestive enzymes

A

Lipolytic - Pospho/Lipase
Amylytic - amylase
Proteolytic - Trypsin, chymotripsinm carboxypeptidase
Necleolytic - Ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

25
Q

How is pancreatic secretion stimulated

A

Hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) - stimulated by the arrival of lipids and carbohydrates in duodenum

26
Q

What’s the difference in secreted enzymes and when they’re in the duodenum

A

Enzymes secreted in inactive precursors and are activated in duodenum

27
Q

What converts trypsin to active state

A

Enterokinase bound to duodenum wall converts trypsinogen to trypsin

28
Q

What does trypsin do

A

Converts other enzymes to active form

29
Q

Describe the production of alkaline (HCO3 rich) fluid

A

Produced in pancreatic duct cells

Stimulated by hormone secretion - stimulated by arrival of acid chyme in duodenum

30
Q

What does alkaline fluid do

A

Neutralises acid chyme from stomach

Optimal pH for pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes (6.7-9.0)

31
Q

What volume of secretion do the biliary organs secrete

A

0.5 L per day

32
Q

What do the biliary secretions consist of

A

Bile salts, HCO3- rich fluid (digestion)

Bile pigments - waste products - and cholesterol (excretory products)

33
Q

What is the function of bile salts

A

Fat digestion

34
Q

What is the function of HCO3- rich fluid

A

Neutralizes acid

35
Q

What is the function of bile pigments

A

Excretion

36
Q

Describe hormonal control over bile delivery

A

CCK (cholecystokinin) - produced in response to products of digestion in duodenum
Contracts gallbladder and relaxes hepatopancreatic ampulla

37
Q

What stimulates bile secretion

A

Hormones mild stimulus of bile in liver

Bile is its own secretion - enterohepatic circulation

38
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation

A

Bile is transported back to the liver and reabsorbed and secreted

39
Q

Why is enterohepatic circulation important

A

Bile is expensive to produce - 95% reabsorbed in ileum

40
Q

What volume does the small intestine secrete

A

1.5 L per day

41
Q

What composes SI secretions

A 
Mucus 
Isosmotic fluid (bicarbonate) 
Digestive enzymes (shed cells - reabsorbed)
42
Q

What does the LI secrete

A

Mucus

HUBS 192 (36 decks)

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