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HUBS 192 > Urinary/renal system 4 > Flashcards

Urinary/renal system 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of urine is water

A

95-98%

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2
Q

What is in normal urine

A 
Water 
Creatinine 
Uric acid
H+, NH3, Na+, K+
Drugs (anti-viral, diuretics) and toxins
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3
Q

What is in pathologic urine

A 
Glucose
Protein
Blood
Haemoglobin
Leucocytes 
Bacteria
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4
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) do

A

Released by kidneys when it detects low oxygen levels - stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC

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5
Q

What is anaemia

A

Chronic renal failure - low levels of RBC

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6
Q

Why is K+ concentrations important

A

Resting membrane potential is based on K+ gradient

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7
Q

What secretes potassium

A

Kidneys

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8
Q

What is hyperkalemia

A

Kidney disease/failure - leads to death

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9
Q

What is Lidocaine

A

Local anaesthetic - Fat soluble - excreted by the kidneys after metabolisation in the liver

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10
Q

Describe aspirin

A

Pain killer - Water soluble - excreted by kidneys

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11
Q

What drugs and toxins are metabolised where in the body

A

lipophilic - metabolised in liver

hydrophilic - metabolised in kidneys

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12
Q

What are the levels of pH that make the blood alkalosis or acidosis

A

Alkalosis -blood pH > 7.4

Acidosis - blood pH < 7.4

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13
Q

What controls the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood

A

Lungs - exhalation of CO2

Kidneys - reabsorption of bicarbonate or secretion of hydrogen ions (H+)

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14
Q

What are the three main functions of the kidney

A

Filtration
Secretion
Re-absorption

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15
Q

Describe kidney filtration

A

Plasma-like filtrate of the blood

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16
Q

Describe kidney reabsorption

A

Removes useful solutes from filtrate and returns them to the blood

17
Q

Describe kidney secretion

A

Adds additional waste from blood to filtrate

18
Q

When are substances not filtered at a constant rate

A

When bound to proteins

19
Q

What substances are partly re-absorbed

20
Q

What substance in entirely re-absorbed

21
Q

What substance is entirely secreted

A

PAH - many drugs

22
Q

What is the role of the glomerulus

A

Filtration

23
Q

What is the role of the proximal tubule

A

Bulk reabsorption - electrolytes (sodium/potassium)

Secretion of metabolites (drugs/toxins)

24
Q

What is the role of the distal tubule

A

Fine-tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

25
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct

A

Fine-tuning of electrolyte/water eabsorption

26
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed

A

Proximal tubule

HUBS 192 (36 decks)

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