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Anatomy > Urinary Microanatomy 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Urinary Microanatomy 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the outer and inner layer of the kidney?

A

outer: fibroblasts and collagen fibers

inner: myofibroblasts

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2
Q

what role does the outer layer of the kidney do?

A

protection

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3
Q

what role does the inner layer of the kidney do?

A

contractibility may aid in resisting volume and pressure variations

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4
Q

what makes up the parenchyma

A

cortex and medulla

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5
Q

what makes up the renal lobe

A

renal pyramid + adjacent renal cortex and column tissue

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6
Q

what makes up the renal papilla

A

pyramid protection into the minor calyx

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7
Q

what makes up the area cribosa

A

surface of papilla w/openings of papillary ducts

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8
Q

describe the path of urine

A

minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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9
Q

what is the uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + collecting duct

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10
Q

describe the parts of the glomerular capsule

A

parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
visceral layer: layer of podocytes that covers the glomerulus

pedicels: secondary processes that interdigitate
–> gaps between = filtration slits

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11
Q

what are mesangial cells?

A

-modified smooth muscle cells
-secrete ECM for support
-regulate glomerular distension (contraction)
-keep the glomerular filtration apparatus clean from filtration residues (phagocytosis)

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12
Q

what are glomerular endothelium

A

fenestrated capillaries with no diaphragms

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13
Q

what are glomerular basement membranes

A

thick basal lamina

collagen type 4, laminin, fibronectin, entacin

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14
Q

what are podocyte filtration slits

A

filtration slit diaphragm (zipper like frame of nephrin and adhesion proteins)

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15
Q

what type of filter are the fenestrations

A

size-selective filter

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16
Q

what type of filter are basal lamina

A

physical barrier and ion-selective filter

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17
Q

what type of filter are filtration slit diaphragm

A

size-selective filter

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18
Q

describe the proximal tubule

A

-reabsorption of ions and fluid and secretion of calcitriol

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19
Q

what does calcitriol do

A

increases the uptake of calcium and its concentration in the blood

20
Q

describe what you can see on histology for the proximal tubule

A

-simple cuboidal epithelium
-microvilli (brush border) –> irregular lumen
-lateral and basal folds –> no clear cell borders
-high concentration of mitochondria, vesicles, and lysosomes at the basal surface

21
Q

what does the thin loop of henle (TLH) do?

A

-absorption of fluid by countercurrent exchange with vasa recta
-concentration of urine
-simple squamous epithelium –> facilitates countercurrent exchange
-few short microvilli

22
Q

what does the countercurrent exchange do?

A

-gradient-dependent transport of fluid into blood
-lower osmolarity in ultrafiltrate and higher osmolarity in blood plasma = fluid transport into blood

23
Q

describe the distal tubule (DT)?

A

-selective secretion and absorption of ions (osmoregulation)
-juxtaglomerular apparatus (for sodium)

24
Q

describe the histology for DT

A

-simple cuboidal epithelium
-few short microvilli (smaller and more regular borders than the one of PT)
-lateral and basal folds (no clear cell borders)
-abundant mitochondria

25
Q

describe the osmoregulation in DT

A

-SECRETION to the ultrafiltrate if there is a HIGH concentration of ions in the blood
-ABSORPTION to the ultrafiltrate if there is a LOW concentration of ions in the blood

26
Q

describe the blood flow in the afferent arteriole in the kidney

A

from renal artery to the glomerular capillaries

27
Q

describe the blood flow in the efferent arteriole in the kidney

A

from glomerular capillaries to cortical and medullar capillaries

28
Q

what are efferent arterioles?

A

-nourish cortical and medullary tissue
-peritubular cortical capillary network
–> reabsorption of ultrafiltrate in cortex
–> endothelium secretes EPO
-peritubular medullary capillary network
–> vasa recta for countercurrent exchange (in TLH)

29
Q

what is EPO

A

increases the rate of production of RBC’s in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues

30
Q

what makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what does it do?

A

-macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells

-sensor that helps maintain sodium homeostasis and regulates BP

31
Q

what are macula densa

A

narrower and taller cells than those typical of the distal straight tubule

monitor sodium concentration in ultrafiltrate

secrete ATP, adenosine, NO and PGE2 to stimulate JGC

32
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells

A

specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole wall

monitor sodium concentration in blood; secrete renin

33
Q

what does renin do?

A

increases the reabsorption of sodium and BP by a higher transfer of fluid from tissues into blood, leading to a greater blood volume

34
Q

what do the collecting ducts do

A

conduct urine into minor calices

35
Q

describe the cortical and medullary collecting ducts

A

-cuboidal epithelium, large and regular lumen with distinct cell borders

-light cells –> stimulated by ADH to provide water permeability (PREDOMINANT TYPE)
-dark cells –> involved in acid-base balance
–> too basic: secretes carbonate
–> too acidic: secrete H+

36
Q

describe the papillary ducts

A

columnar epithelium

37
Q

what are the two types of nephrons and what do they do?

A

juxtamedullary nephron: long-looped, performs most urine concentration

cortical nephron: short-looped, performs most filtration/absorption (85%)

38
Q

describe the general aspects of the urinary passages

A

-mucosa: transitional epithelium
-lamina propria: fibroelastic CT
-muscularis: smooth muscle, peristalsis
-adventitia: peritoneum or loose CT

39
Q

describe the transitional epithelium in the bladder

A

stratified

number of layers increases proximal-distal

-surface cells –> secrete lipids
-intermediate cells
-basal cells

40
Q

what do urothelial plaques do

A

lipid layer on the surface of superficial cells

41
Q

describe the urinary bladder

A

-highly distensible; rugae
-thicker mucosa
-muscularis (detrusor muscle, multidirectional)
-serosa adjacent to peritoneal reflections

42
Q

what epithelium is found in the prostatic urethra

A

transitional epithelium

43
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the penile urethra

A

stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized)

44
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the pelvic urethra

A

stratified/pseudostratified columnar epithelium

45
Q

where can paraurethral mucous glands be found

A

near urethra

lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

Anatomy (31 decks)

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