Abdominal Wall Functional Anatomy

Question 1

what is a trait that defines all mammals?

Answer 1

mammary glands –> modified, enlarged sweat glands

Question 2

describe mammary glands

Answer 2

compound tubuloalveolar gland that consists of secretory units grouped into lobules defined by intervening CT septa

Question 3

what are mammary glands specializations of?

Answer 3

ventral abdominal wall

Question 4

what are supernumerary teats?

Answer 4

-may be independent or attached to other better developed glands
-may interfere with milking
-often removed from the udders of cows and goats

Question 5

what passes through the caval foramen?

Answer 5

caudal vena cava

Question 6

what passes through the esophageal hiatus?

Answer 6

esophagus
vagal trunks

Question 7

what passes through the aortic hiatus?

Answer 7

aorta
azygous vein
thoracic duct

Question 8

what 2 vessels anastomose with each other in the superficial fascia of the ventral abdominal wall? what do they supply blood to?

Answer 8

-cranial and caudal superficial epigastric vessels

-supply blood to the superficial layers including the mammary glands

Question 9

what do the:
external and internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis

all work to do?

Answer 9

-compression of the abdominal viscera
-aids in vital functions such as expiration, urination, defecation and parturition

Question 10

what do the external abdominal oblique and the rectus abdominis do?

Answer 10

flexion of the vertebral column when fellow muscles contract

lateral bending of the vertebral column

Question 11

what is the origin of the external abdominal oblique

Answer 11

lateral surfaces of the ribs; lumbar fascia

Question 12

what are the insertions of the EAO?

Answer 12

via aponeurosis that divides into 2 parts:

1) larger abdominal tendon inserts on the linea alba
2) smaller pelvic tendon inserts on the fascia over the iliopsoas and on the pubis

Question 13

what is the inguinal ligament

Answer 13

caudal edge of EAO that does not have a bony insertion, but leaves a gap

Question 14

what is the superficial inguinal ring

Answer 14

opening between the abdominal and pelvic tendons of the EAO, is the superficial opening of the inguinal canal, which allows passage of vessels and the spermatic cord in males

Question 15

what is the cremaster muscle?

Answer 15

a muscle slip detached from the internal oblique that passes onto the spermatic cord

Question 16

what are lumbar nerves also known as?

Answer 16

ventral rami

Question 17

what is the origin of the IAO?

Answer 17

coxal tuber/cranial ventral iliac spine

Question 18

what is the insertion of the IAO?

Answer 18

aponeurosis passes ventral to the rectus to reach the linea alba; last rib

Question 19

what is the origin of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 19

inner surface of the last ribs; transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Question 20

what is the insertion of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 20

aponeurosis that passes dorsal to the rectus abdominis before terminating on the linea alba

Question 21

what is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 21

O: sternum and costal cartilages
I: prepubic tendon to pubic brim

Question 22

what is the transversalis fascia?

Answer 22

a lining of fascia deep to the transversus abdominis that contacts the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

Question 23

name the abdominal wall layers from superficial to deep

Answer 23

skin
superficial fascia
deep fascia
EAO
IAO
transversus abdominis
transversalis fascia

Question 24

what is the cranial epigastric parent artery?

Answer 24

internal thoracic artery

Question 25

what do the aponeuroses of the abdominal wall muscles come together at the midline to form?

Answer 25

linea alba and a sheath around each rectus muscle

Question 26

what is the linea alba?

Answer 26

site of superficial fascia and rectus aponeurosis where surgical approaches will not damage muscle tissue

Question 27

what does the inguinal canal transmit in both sexes?

Answer 27

external pudendal artery and vein
efferent vesses from the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
genitofemoral nerve

Question 28

what are hernias and what are the 2 most common types?

Answer 28

-a displacement and protrusion of part of an organ through the walls of the body cavity

-umbilical
-inguinal

Question 29

what are lumbar ventral rami and what do they supply?

Answer 29

nerves pass through the transversus abdominis close to the tip of the transverse processes and then run deep to the internal oblique toward the ventral wall

supply the integument