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Anatomy > Directions/Cell Cytology > Flashcards

Directions/Cell Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

standing squarely on all four limbs with head and tail extended

ideal position for all directions

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2
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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3
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

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4
Q

cranial or rostral

A

closer to the head along main body axis

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5
Q

caudal

A

closer to the tail along main body axis

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6
Q

median

A

the perfect plane

one unique longitudinal plane dividing the animal into EQUAL right and left halves

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7
Q

sagittal

A

longitudinal planes parallel to the median plane (infinite in number)

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8
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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9
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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10
Q

medial

A

towards the midline ie median plane

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11
Q

lateral

A

AWAY from the midline

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12
Q

superficial

A

towards the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ

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13
Q

deep

A

away from or removed from the surface of the body

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14
Q

electron dense structures

A

parts appear darker on the image

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15
Q

electron lucent structures

A

parts appear lighter on the image

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16
Q

freeze fracture technique

A

fractures occur along cell membranes

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17
Q

basophilic stains

A

base loving —> will show acids on slide

appear BLUE or PURPLE

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18
Q

acidophilic stains

A

acid loving —> shows bases

will appear PINK, RED, or ORANGE

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19
Q

hematoxylin

A

basophilic stain (stains acids)

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20
Q

eosin

A

acidophilic stain (stains bases)

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21
Q

H & E

A

most common stain

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22
Q

periodic-acid schiff (pas)

A

stains carbs magenta or purple

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23
Q

trichrome

A

stains collagen fibers blue or green

24
Q

artifacts

A

tissue shrinkage and lost molecules

something that is artificially made by people

25
Q

dorsal plane

A

defines dorsal vs ventral ie top half of animal vs bottom half of animal

26
Q

transverse plane

A

longitudinal planes perpendicular to the median and dorsal planes (infinite in number)

27
Q

epithelium

A

covers, lines, secretes and absorbs substances

28
Q

connective tissue

A

structural support

29
Q

muscle

A

contracts to produce movement

30
Q

nervous tissue

A

integrates sensory information with motor outcomes

31
Q

cell

A

-basic structural/functional unit

32
Q

unit membranes

A

selective barrier around cells and some organelles

-appears trilaminar under TEM

33
Q

plasma membrane

A

E-face (outer leaflet) —> faces extracellular space

P-face (inner leaflet) —> faces cytoplasm

has peripheral and integral proteins
glycocalyx (sugar coat)

34
Q

vesicular transport

A

transportation of material into or out of a cell by membrane-bound vesicles

REQUIRES ATP

35
Q

exocytosis

A

-release of cellular products = secretion

1) material is packaged into secretory vesicles by the golgi apparatus
2) transported to plasma membrane
3) fuse with plasma membrane and releases into extracellular space

36
Q

regulated secretion

A

vesicles congregate near plasma membrane
secretory granules = vesicles waiting for a signal
secretions condense
signaled release into extracellular space

37
Q

constitutive secretion

A

CONTINUOUS secretion

no accumulation of secretory vesicles

no signaling required

ex: fibroblasts, plasma cells

38
Q

endocytosis

A

=ABSORPTION

plasma membrane infolds to form vesicle containing inbound material —> vesicles fuse with lysosomes for processing

3 types

39
Q

pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

generalized type of absorption (all cells)
forms pinocytotic vesicles (caveolae)
fuse with lysosomes for processing
aids in membrane trafficking - recycling plasma membrane

40
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

engulfing large particles, cell debris, bacteria

1) pseudopodia extend/surround the material
2) vesicles called phagosomes are formed
3) phagosomes fuse with lysosomes
4) lysosomes process/degrade/recycle the material

41
Q

phagocytic cell characteristics

A

pesudopodia (irregular outline)

phagosomes, lysosomes, phagolysosomes

42
Q

nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
chromatin: DNA
nucleolus: rRNA

43
Q

euchromatin

A 
active transcription (DNA uncoiled)
more electron lucent
44
Q

heterochromatin

A

inactive (DNA condensed)

more electron dense

45
Q

polyribosomes

A

free ribosomes

create cytoplasmic proteins –> proteins that are going to be used inside the cell

46
Q

ER bound ribosomes

A

create membrane and secretory proteins, lysosomal enzymes

47
Q

rough ER

A

interconnected, flattened membranous sacs for protein synthesis
outer surface: er bound ribosomes
inner surface: cisterna

proteins are synthesized into the cisterna and then transported to the golgi apparatus for packaging

48
Q

golgi apparatus

A

interconnected, flattened sacs where proteins from rER are processed, sorted, packaged within cisterna

49
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive compartments

spherical, membrane-enclosed
have varying electron densities —> due to different concentrations

contain enzymes that process/degrade lysosomal contents

FUSE WITH: autophagosomes, endocytotic vesicles, phagosomes

50
Q

mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis
rod shaped

2 unit membranes: outer is smooth, inner is folded (forms cristae)

51
Q

smooth ER

A

interconnected membrane-enclosed tubules (not sacs)

no ribosomes, no protein synthesis

abundant in cells that detoxify and secrete steroid hormones

present in all cells

52
Q

cytoskeleton

A 
cell morphology (shape)
cell mobility
interacts with extracellular matrix

components: actin, intermediate filament, microtubules

53
Q

actin (thin filaments)

A

smallest diameter

function:

1) help anchor cells to each other and ECM
2) form structural core of microvilli, stereocilia
3) movement (contraction, extending processes)

54
Q

intermediate filaments

A

larger than actin

function:
1) cell to cell adhesion
2) cell to ECM adhesion

high tensile strength

55
Q

microtubules

A

largest cytoskeletal component

function:

1) provide rigidity to cell shape
2) aid intercellular transport
3) movement of cell, cilia, flagella

structural component of: centrioles, basal bodies, cilia

56
Q

inclusions

A

in cytoplasm that are not dissolved and are not membrane bound

Anatomy (31 decks)

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