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Anatomy > Lymphatic Microanatomy 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lymphatic Microanatomy 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the interstitial fluid become once it is in the lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

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2
Q

describe lymphatic capillaries

A

-collect interstitial fluid with large molecules, including antigens and cells
-more permeable than blood capillaries
-thin walls that are formed by cells that overlap without tight junctions

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3
Q

what are lymphatic collecting vessels

A

-formed from lymphatic capillaries
-contain valves and unite to form major trunks or ducts

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4
Q

describe lymph nodes

A

filter lymph

collecting lymphatic vessels go through at least one before reaching the venous system

antigens are removed as part of the immune response

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5
Q

where are the tracheal trunks found

A

along the right and left ventromedial surface of the trachea

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6
Q

where are the lumbar trunks found

A

efferent vessels of the medial iliac, caudal mesenteric and lumbar lymph nodes

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7
Q

where are the intestinal trunk found

A

confluence of efferent vessels of the cranial mesenteric lymph nodes

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8
Q

where are the celiac trunks found

A

confluence of efferent vessels associated to the celiac trunk

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9
Q

where are the cisterna chyli found

A

located as an irregular, sac-like dilation of a large lymph trunk between the right side of the aorta and the right crus of the diaphragm, extending from L2 or L3 vertebrae to last thoracic vertebrae

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10
Q

where is the thoracic duct found

A

extension of cisterna chyli into the thoracic cavity

runs between the azygous vein and aorta

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11
Q

where is the right lymphatic duct found

A

confluence of efferent vessels of the cranial mediastinal and cranial sternal lymph nodes, empty into the caudal vena cava

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12
Q

where does hematopoiesis take place

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

what is the innate immune response

A

-no requirement for previous exposure
-non-specific response
-immediate and rapid response
-provides first line of defense

ONCE ANTIGENS BIND TO THE RECEPTOR, THEY TRIGGER THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

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14
Q

what is the adaptive immune response

A

-recognition of diverse antigens
-delayed response
-after previous exposure the response is quicker

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15
Q

what are the main cells involved in the adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes

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16
Q

what are lymhocytes T

A

-have t cell receptors (Tc and Th)
-involved in cell mediated immune response
-generated in the bone marrow but differentiate and get educated in the thymus

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17
Q

what are lymphocytes B

A

-have B cell receptors (BCR)
-involved in humoral (antibodies) immune response
-activated directly by antigens and pAPCs
-only nonmyeloid cells that can function as APCs to activate lymphocytes T
-generated in the bone marrow

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18
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

-third type of lymphocytes that work similar to the cells of the innate immune response
-once activated, respond to kill cells like lymphocytes Tc

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19
Q

what can function as APC

A

any type of infected cells

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20
Q

what do APCs do

A

break down and conjugate fragments to MHC 1 which locate on the cell surface –> results in the activation of lymphocytes Tc

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21
Q

what results in the activation of lymphocytes Th

A

pAPCs break down the antigen and conjugate fragments to MHC 2, which locate on the cell surface

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22
Q

what activates lymphocytes B

A

antigens or dendritic cells (pAPCs)

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23
Q

what do lymphocytes Tc (CD8+) do?

A

-destroy infected cells and pathogens by secreting proteins that create channels of the cell’s plasma membrane and induce fragmentation of DNA

—> leads to apoptosis or lysis

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24
Q

what do lymphocytes Th (CD4+) do?

A

secrete cytokines that help enable or help the activation of lymphocytes B and Tc

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25
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of lymphocytes B?

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

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26
Q

what are plasma cells

A

synthesize and secrete antibodies

27
Q

what are memory b cells

A

plasma cells that remain in the body and respond more quickly during next encounter with the antigen

—> dormant (need reactivation)

28
Q

what are primary organs (where immune cells develop)?

A

bone marrow
thymus

29
Q

what are secondary organs (where most of the immune response is initiated)?

A

-lymph nodes
-spleen
-lymphoid tissue

30
Q

what is the parenchyma in the bone marrow?

A

HSCs and differentiating hematopoietic cells

31
Q

what is the stroma in the bone marrow?

A

reticular cells, reticular fibers and adipocytes

32
Q

what is the function of the bone marrow?

A

-hematopoiesis
-produces lymphocytes B

33
Q

describe what happens in the bone marrow

A

-circulating lymphocytes can return and reside there
-with age, adipocytes replace 50% of the bone marrow and the efficiency of hematopoiesis decreases

34
Q

what are blood sinusoids in the bone marrow

A

site of cellular and molecular exchange between circulation and hematopoietic compartment

35
Q

describe the thymus

A

-education and differentiation of lymphocytes T
-gets smaller during puberty

36
Q

describe the stroma in the thymus

A

-made of CT (collagen fibers and fibroblasts)
-trabeculae divides the parenchyma in incomplete lobes, which unite at the center
-contain blood vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels and nerves

37
Q

describe what breaks up the cortex and medulla in the thymus

A

corticomedullary junction

38
Q

describe the cortex in the thymus

A

-closely packed developing lymphocytes T which occupy spaces within an extensive meshwork of epithelioreticular cells (ERCs)

39
Q

what are ERCs

A

specialized cells with features of both epithelial and reticular cells

their cytoplasmic processes contribute to form a framework

40
Q

describe the blood thymus barrier in the cortex of the thymus

A

-prevents the lymphocytes T from contact with antigens
-education needs a clean environment –> absent of different antigens
-formed by the wall of blood vessels

41
Q

describe the corticomedullary junction

A

-made of ERCs, which form the barrier between the cortex and medulla
-contain blood vessels, arterioles, and venules

42
Q

what are high endothelial venules (HEV)?

A

-specialized post-capillary venule –> diapedesis and recirculation
-site for entrance and exit of lymphocytes
-found in most lymphoid organs except spleen

43
Q

describe the medulla of the thymus

A

-loosely packed mature lymphocytes T with extensive meshwork of ERCs

44
Q

name the 3 steps of education and final differentiation of lymphocytes T

A

1) lymphocytes are selected in the cortex based on their affinity to bind MHC
2) lymphocytes are selected in the medulla based on their affinity to bind tissue specific antigens
3) finally selected lymphocytes differentiate into Tc or Th and leave the medulla through the HEVs

45
Q

what is positive selection and when does it occur in the thymus

A

lymphocytes that do not bind are induced to die (death by neglect)

occurs in step 1

46
Q

what is negative selection and when does it occur in the thymus

A

lymphocytes that bind with too strong affinity are induced to die

occurs in step 2

47
Q

what are lymph nodes and what do they do

A

-encapsulated lymphatic organs that are interposed along lymphatic vessels
-filters through which lymph percolates on its way to the blood vascular system

48
Q

what makes up the stroma in lymph nodes

A

capsule
trabeculae
reticular tissue

49
Q

describe the capsule in the stroma in lymph nodes

A

dense CT

50
Q

describe the trabeculae in the stroma in lymph nodes

A

dense CT that forms a gross framework

51
Q

describe the reticular tissue in the stroma in lymph nodes

A

reticular cells and reticular fibers that form a fine supporting meshwork

52
Q

describe the deep cortex in lymph nodes

A

where lymphocytes T are mixed in with dendritic cells

53
Q

describe the flow of lymph and blood into the lymph node

A

1) afferent lymphatic vessels
2) subcapsular sinus
3) trabecular sinus
4) medullary sinus
5) efferent lymphatic vessels

54
Q

describe the stroma of the spleen

A

-capsule of dense CT
-trabeculae extending from the capsule into the parenchyma, contain blood and lymphatic vessels
-contain myoblasts –> help discharge RBCs into the blood

55
Q

what 2 things make up the parenchyma of the spleen

A

white pulp and red pulp

56
Q

describe the white pulp of the spleen

A

lymphoid nodules randomly scattered, secondary lymphoid organ

57
Q

describe the red pulp of the spleen

A

embeds the white pulp and contains splenic sinuses

58
Q

describe the process of formation of lymphatic nodules

A

1) APCs activate lymphocytes Th in PALS
2) lymphocytes Th help activate lymphocytes B, which expand and push PALS to the sides
3) lymphocytes B proliferate to form plasma and memory cells, which go into the blood

59
Q

what are the 2 regions of red pulp in the spleen

A

-splenic cords
-splenic sinuses

60
Q

describe the splenic cords

A

meshwork of reticular cells and reticular fibers

macrophages phagocytize damage RBCs
megakaryocytes form platelets

61
Q

describe the splenic sinuses

A

spaces lined by endothelial cells

processes of macrophages extend between endothelial cells to monitor antigens in the blood

62
Q

what is open circulation (humans)?

A

dump blood into cords of red pulp

63
Q

what is closed circulation (dogs and rats)?

A

dump blood directly into the sinuses

64
Q

describe diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

-no cortex or medulla
-not surrounded by CT capsule
-made of randomly packed lymphocytes
-after contact with antigen, lymphocytes travel to regional lymph nodes, where they undergo proliferation and differentiation
-progeny of these cells return to lamina propria as effector lymphocytes B and T

Anatomy (31 decks)

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