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Anatomy > Anatomy of the Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pelvis made of?

A

dorsal, ventral and lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

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2
Q

what is the perineum made of?

A

caudal walls of pelvic cavity

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3
Q

what is the boney pelvis?

A

2 coxal bones + sacrum + 3-7 caudal vertebrae

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4
Q

what is the pelvic girdle?

A

2 coxal bones

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5
Q

what is the coxal bone?

A

ilium + pubis + ischium

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6
Q

the boney pelvis results from the contribution of what 4 joints?

A

1) sacro-iliac joint
2) pelvic symphysis
3) acetabulum
4) intervertebral joints (sacral and caudal vertebrae)

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7
Q

what type of joint is the SI joint?

A

diarthrosis –> has all the elements of a true joint (movement, ligaments, articular surface, synovia)

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8
Q

what type of joint is the pelvic symphysis?

A

amphiarthrosis –> semi-mobile joints –> limited

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9
Q

in large animals, what is the most lateral layer of the pelvic wall, medial to the gluteal muscles?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

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10
Q

what is a synarthrosis joint?

A

a joint that has no movement + no elements (ie: no cartilage)

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11
Q

what muscle consists of the pelvic roof?

A

sacrocaudalis ventralis

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12
Q

what muscles consists of the lateral walls (pelvic diaphragm)?

A

levator ani
coccygeus

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13
Q

what muscle consists of the pelvic floor (ungulates)?

A

obturator internus

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14
Q

what is the N and A of the sacrocaudalis ventralis?

A

caudal spinal nerves
flexion and lateral movements of the tail

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15
Q

what is the N and A of the coccygeus (ungulates)?

A

N: caudal rectal and pudendal nerves
A: flexion and lateral movements of the tail

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16
Q

what is the N and A of the levator ani (ungulates)?

A

N: caudal rectal and pudendal nerves
A: reduces partial prolapse of anus at defecation

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17
Q

what is the N and A of the obturator internus?

A

N: sciatic nerve
A: rotates the femur laterally

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18
Q

what is the N and A of the levator ani (dogs)?

A

N: caudal rectal and pudendal nerves
A: flex tail laterally and ventrally and reduce partial prolapse of anus at defecation

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19
Q

what is the N and A of the coccygeus (dogs)?

A

N: caudal rectal and pudendal nerves
A: flex tail laterally and ventrally

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20
Q

what makes up the peritoneal ligaments?

A

1) mesorectum
2) broad ligaments of uterus (female)
3) lateral ligaments of bladder
4) middle ligaments of bladder
5) genital fold (male)
6) ligaments of ductus deferens (males)

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21
Q

what is the parietal supply of the pelvis in the dog?

A

dorsally: caudal gluteal artery and median sacral artery
ventrally: internal pudendal artery

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22
Q

what is the visceral supply of the pelvis in the dog?

A

internal pudendal artery

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23
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

-filter the plasma in a 2 step process to reabsorb useful products and concentrate waste products for elimination
-produce and release renin and erythropoietin

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24
Q

describe the structure of the kidneys

A

1) capsule/parenchyma —> 2) cortex/medulla –> 3) outer zone/inner zone

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25
Q

what makes up the blood supply to the kidneys

A

1) renal artery
2) renal vein
3) ureter
4) renal pelvis

26
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A

enlargement that results from the union of the calices and provides the origin for the ureter

27
Q

what do the ureters do?

A

convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder

28
Q

describe the urinary bladder

A

a muscular and distensible sac that collects urine for its later convenient disposal

no constant size or position

29
Q

describe the urethra

A

discharges urine (and semen in males)

30
Q

what do the ovaries do?

A

produce hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

mature and release oocytes

31
Q

what do the uterine tubes do?

A

-collect oocytes after ovulation
-transport gametes and store sperm
-provide suitable conditions for fertilization and early embryo development
-transport embryos to the tuerus

32
Q

what does the uterus do?

A

-transports and stores sperm
-nurtures embryos and fetuses
-particpates in birth

33
Q

what type of uterus do domestic mammals have?

A

bicornis

34
Q

what does the cervix do?

A

-functions as a tight barrier (except during estrus)
-stores sperm

35
Q

describe the cervix of the bitch and mare

A

muscular –> smooth muscle

36
Q

describe the cervix of the cow and sow

A

fibrous –> cartilage

37
Q

what does the ductus deferens do?

A

convey sperm to the pelvic urethra

38
Q

what does the male pelvic urethra do?

A

-receive and mix secretions of sex accessory glands with sperm to form semen
-convey semen and urine to the penile urethra

39
Q

what do the male accessory sex glands do?

A

produce the non-spermatic component of the semen and clean the urethra

40
Q

what accessory sex glands does the horse and bull have?

A

ampullary glands
vesicular glands
prostate
bulbourethral glands

41
Q

what accessory sex glands does the boar have

A

vesicular glands
prostate
bulbourethral glands

42
Q

what accessory sex glands does the dog have

A

ampullary glands
prostate

43
Q

what accessary sex glands does the cat have

A

ampullary glands
prostate
bulbourethral glands

44
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct

A

duct that results from the union of ductus deferens and excretory duct of the vesicular glands

45
Q

what is the perineal region made of?

A

perineum + external genitalia

46
Q

what is the anal canal

A

terminal region of the rectum

47
Q

what is the anus

A

caudal opening of the anal canal, includes the zona cutanea, zona hemorrhagica and the sphincters that close them

48
Q

what makes up the zona cutanea

A

stratified squamous keratinized

49
Q

what makes up the zona hemorrhagica

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized

50
Q

what makes up the zona columnaris

A

simple columnar epithelium

51
Q

what do the testes do?

A

-produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
-produce hormones (steroidogenesis - androgens)

52
Q

how is testis size correlated in cattle?

A

INVERSELY correlated to age at first calving and length of calving intervals in female offspring

53
Q

name the 3 locations of testes and what species they can be found in

A

1) inguinal –> bull
2) intermediate –> horse and dog
3) perineal –> pig and cat

54
Q

name the blood supply and innervation of the testes

A

-testicular artery/vein
-caudal mesenteric plexus

55
Q

what does the epididymis do?

A

matures (head and body) and stores sperm (tail)

because sperm is stored in the tail, palpation of this region help determine the extent of spermatogenesis and sperm reserves

56
Q

where is the body of the epididymis located in compared to the ductus deferens?

A

located at the LATERAL SIDE of the ductus deferens

57
Q

what is the N and A of the cremaster?

A

N: genital branch of urogenital nerve
A: raise the testes during cold weather, arousal, copulation and fighting

58
Q

what supplies the scrotum?

A

external pudendal artery

59
Q

what innervates the scrotum?

A

-lumbar nerves (ventral branches)
-iliohypogastric nerve
-ilioinguinal nerve
-genitofemoral nerve

60
Q

describe what makes up the cooling and warming components for the thermoregulation of the testis

A

cooling: pampiniform plexus, thin scrotal skin

warming: dartos, cremaster

blood in vein gains heart + blood in artery loses heat

Anatomy (31 decks)

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