Urinary Flashcards
renal arteries –> afferent arterioles –> ball of capillaries called the _______
glomerulus
what are the three filtration layers of a glomerulus
fenestrations in capillary membrane
basement membrane
podocytes of bowman’s capsule
what should not be passing into bowman’s space
RBC
WBC
platelets
albumin and large proteins
what filters through bowman’s space but then gets reabsorbed?
glucose
much of the fluid
name the parts of the nephron in order
glomerulus bowman's capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
how many of each of the following do we have?
ureters
urethra
two ureters
one urethra
what are the words for less, more, and zero urine
less - oliguria
more - polyuria
zero - anuria
what are the causes of cloudy urine
WBCs
pus
bacteria
what is the quality of proteinuria/albuminuria?
foamy
what are the two causes of dark yellow urine
dehydration
bilirubin buildup
hematuria can cause _____ colored urine if there are ________ in the urine. the urine will be ________ color if there are _________ in the urine
tea
some red blood cells
coca cola
lots of red blood cells
if there is visible blood in the urine, there is probably _________ in the urethra
local damage
___________ is when a person works out too hard in extremely hot conditions, causing _________ death. this causes ___________ to go into circulation and damage the _________, allowing _______ to pass through into the urine.
rhabdomyolysis skeletal muscle myoglobin glomeruli RBCs
what is it called when RBCs, WBCs, platelets, proteins get misshapen as they pass through the nephron and are found in the urine?
urinary casts
what causes urinary tract infection?
bacterial infection
diff between lower and upper UTI
lower: cystitis, urethritis
upper: kidney infection
two big risk factors for UTIs
men w/ enlarged prostates
women on/after antibiotics
what is the name for a kidney infection
upper uti
pyelonephritis
s/s of lower uti
burning
constant urgency, scanty amounts
pelvic or rectal pain
cloudy/dark urine
s/s of upper uti
same as lower plus fever malaise body aches abdominal or back pain
what are the words for kidney stones
urolithiasis
nepholithiasis
if a person has high amounts of ______ and _______ and is dehydrated, they will clump together in the bowman’s space and create urolithiasis or pyelonephritis
calcium
salt
why are urolithiasis more painful for men?
urethra is longer
what are s/s of urolithiasis
sudden one sided flank/rib-side/abdominal pain
colicky pain
dark urine from stone cutting up ureter
nausea/vomiting
what is it called when there is an accumulation of urine backed up in the kidneys
hydronephrosis
what are some things that can block urinary pathway and cause hydronephrosis
tumor
urolithiasis
scar tissue
if left untreated, what will result from hydronephrosis?
damage to nephrons and pain
________ is the autosomal (dominant/recessive?) genetic disease in which patient gets 1000s of cysts in the kidneys. this tends to show up around what age?
Polycystic Kidney Disease
dominant
30s or 40s
glomerulonephropathy is a general term for
glomerulus pathology
primary glomerulonephropathy is a disease in __________
secondary glomerulonephropathy is _________
the kidney itself
caused by something else
nephrotic syndrome vs. nephritic syndrome. which one has hematuria, and which one has protein in urine?
nephrotic syndrome has proteinuria
nephritic syndrome has hematuria (with some protein)
what are some possible causes of nephrotic syndrome?
diabetes
Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus
other autoimmune or inflammatory reactions
in nephrotic syndrome, what is the quality and quantity of the urine? what does this do to protein levels in the blood?
hyperproteinuria (foamy) and polyuria (lots of urine)
lots of urine because water is attracted out to the protein leaving the body
hypoproteinemia (low protein in the blood)
what does the lack of protein in the blood do to fluids in the body during nephrotic syndrome?
creates pitting edema. the fluid isn’t held in the vessels because there is no protein to attract it inward. when you press it, there’s no “snap back” without the protein
does a person with nephrotic syndrome have hypertension or hypotension?
hypertension. This is a compensatory measure due to the production of aldosterone
in nephrotic syndrome, what are the levels of fat in the blood and urine?
hyperlipidemia and hyperlipiduria
the liver tries to create more protein, which creates more lipids in blood and they get excreted in the urine
will nephrotic syndrome result in weight gain or loss?
gain, because of the edema
what does nephrotic syndrome do to the immune system?
loss of proteins needed for antibodies and complement proteins. weakened immune system and frequent infections
how will RBCs, hormones, and drugs be affected by nephrotic syndrome?
loss of protein carriers for them, so effectiveness will be reduced. proteins required for production of RBCs will diminish and therefore anemia can result
what are the two main causes of nephritic syndrome?
- further stage of nephrotic syndrome
2. severe infection that skips nephrotic syndrome, typically untreated strep throat
describe the quality of urine in nephritic syndrome
oliguria (the glomerulus is so inflamed that there is less urine)
hematuria (the glomerulus is so damaged that RBCs get through, nevertheless)
mild proteinuria (some protein gets through)
how does nephritic syndrome affect fluid in the body?
mild, non-pitting edema
this is because there is protein loss, just not on the same level as nephrotic syndrome
will nephritic syndrome result in hypertension or hypotension and why?
hypertension
there is less fluid being excreted so the backup of fluid causes hypertension
___________ is when the ____________ waste products build up in the blood because they’re not being excreted out in nephritic syndrome
azotemia
nitrogenous
what is the main complication of untreated nephritic syndrome? what is it called?
fibrosis/scar tissue of the glomerulus. this is called chronic glomerulonephritis
what is the main complication of chronic glomerulonephritis, when minimal to no filtration is taking place?
renal failure
what are the two types of renal failure? Which one is reversible?
acute (reversible)
chronic (need kidney transplant)
what are the three types of acute renal failure?
prerenal (not enough blood getting to kd for it to do its function)
intrarenal/intrinsic (a kidney problem)
postrenal (something causing backup of urine in the kd, i.e. hydronephrosis)
what are possible causes of prerenal failure
remember: not enough blood is getting to the kidneys in order for them to function
CHF
MI
Shock
what are the s/s of renal failure
oliguria/anuria
edema
hypertension
azotemia (nitrogenous waste in the blood)/uremia (urine in the blood) this leads to... muscle cramps and twitches from toxicity arrythmia seizure nausea weight loss (can't eat from nausea) itching discoloration
lethargy
confusion, coma without treatment
