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Pathophysiology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

renal arteries –> afferent arterioles –> ball of capillaries called the _______

A

glomerulus

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2
Q

what are the three filtration layers of a glomerulus

A

fenestrations in capillary membrane
basement membrane
podocytes of bowman’s capsule

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3
Q

what should not be passing into bowman’s space

A

RBC
WBC
platelets
albumin and large proteins

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4
Q

what filters through bowman’s space but then gets reabsorbed?

A

glucose

much of the fluid

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5
Q

name the parts of the nephron in order

A 
glomerulus
bowman's capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
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6
Q

how many of each of the following do we have?
ureters
urethra

A

two ureters

one urethra

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7
Q

what are the words for less, more, and zero urine

A

less - oliguria
more - polyuria
zero - anuria

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8
Q

what are the causes of cloudy urine

A

WBCs
pus
bacteria

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9
Q

what is the quality of proteinuria/albuminuria?

A

foamy

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10
Q

what are the two causes of dark yellow urine

A

dehydration

bilirubin buildup

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11
Q

hematuria can cause _____ colored urine if there are ________ in the urine. the urine will be ________ color if there are _________ in the urine

A

tea
some red blood cells
coca cola
lots of red blood cells

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12
Q

if there is visible blood in the urine, there is probably _________ in the urethra

A

local damage

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13
Q

___________ is when a person works out too hard in extremely hot conditions, causing _________ death. this causes ___________ to go into circulation and damage the _________, allowing _______ to pass through into the urine.

A 
rhabdomyolysis
skeletal muscle
myoglobin
glomeruli
RBCs
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14
Q

what is it called when RBCs, WBCs, platelets, proteins get misshapen as they pass through the nephron and are found in the urine?

A

urinary casts

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15
Q

what causes urinary tract infection?

A

bacterial infection

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16
Q

diff between lower and upper UTI

A

lower: cystitis, urethritis
upper: kidney infection

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17
Q

two big risk factors for UTIs

A

men w/ enlarged prostates

women on/after antibiotics

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18
Q

what is the name for a kidney infection

A

upper uti

pyelonephritis

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19
Q

s/s of lower uti

A

burning
constant urgency, scanty amounts
pelvic or rectal pain
cloudy/dark urine

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20
Q

s/s of upper uti

A 
same as lower plus
fever
malaise
body aches
abdominal or back pain
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21
Q

what are the words for kidney stones

A

urolithiasis

nepholithiasis

22
Q

if a person has high amounts of ______ and _______ and is dehydrated, they will clump together in the bowman’s space and create urolithiasis or pyelonephritis

A

calcium

salt

23
Q

why are urolithiasis more painful for men?

A

urethra is longer

24
Q

what are s/s of urolithiasis

A

sudden one sided flank/rib-side/abdominal pain
colicky pain
dark urine from stone cutting up ureter
nausea/vomiting

25
Q

what is it called when there is an accumulation of urine backed up in the kidneys

A

hydronephrosis

26
Q

what are some things that can block urinary pathway and cause hydronephrosis

A

tumor
urolithiasis
scar tissue

27
Q

if left untreated, what will result from hydronephrosis?

A

damage to nephrons and pain

28
Q

________ is the autosomal (dominant/recessive?) genetic disease in which patient gets 1000s of cysts in the kidneys. this tends to show up around what age?

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease
dominant
30s or 40s

29
Q

glomerulonephropathy is a general term for

A

glomerulus pathology

30
Q

primary glomerulonephropathy is a disease in __________

secondary glomerulonephropathy is _________

A

the kidney itself

caused by something else

31
Q

nephrotic syndrome vs. nephritic syndrome. which one has hematuria, and which one has protein in urine?

A

nephrotic syndrome has proteinuria

nephritic syndrome has hematuria (with some protein)

32
Q

what are some possible causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A

diabetes
Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus
other autoimmune or inflammatory reactions

33
Q

in nephrotic syndrome, what is the quality and quantity of the urine? what does this do to protein levels in the blood?

A

hyperproteinuria (foamy) and polyuria (lots of urine)
lots of urine because water is attracted out to the protein leaving the body

hypoproteinemia (low protein in the blood)

34
Q

what does the lack of protein in the blood do to fluids in the body during nephrotic syndrome?

A

creates pitting edema. the fluid isn’t held in the vessels because there is no protein to attract it inward. when you press it, there’s no “snap back” without the protein

35
Q

does a person with nephrotic syndrome have hypertension or hypotension?

A

hypertension. This is a compensatory measure due to the production of aldosterone

36
Q

in nephrotic syndrome, what are the levels of fat in the blood and urine?

A

hyperlipidemia and hyperlipiduria

the liver tries to create more protein, which creates more lipids in blood and they get excreted in the urine

37
Q

will nephrotic syndrome result in weight gain or loss?

A

gain, because of the edema

38
Q

what does nephrotic syndrome do to the immune system?

A

loss of proteins needed for antibodies and complement proteins. weakened immune system and frequent infections

39
Q

how will RBCs, hormones, and drugs be affected by nephrotic syndrome?

A

loss of protein carriers for them, so effectiveness will be reduced. proteins required for production of RBCs will diminish and therefore anemia can result

40
Q

what are the two main causes of nephritic syndrome?

A
  1. further stage of nephrotic syndrome

2. severe infection that skips nephrotic syndrome, typically untreated strep throat

41
Q

describe the quality of urine in nephritic syndrome

A

oliguria (the glomerulus is so inflamed that there is less urine)
hematuria (the glomerulus is so damaged that RBCs get through, nevertheless)
mild proteinuria (some protein gets through)

42
Q

how does nephritic syndrome affect fluid in the body?

A

mild, non-pitting edema

this is because there is protein loss, just not on the same level as nephrotic syndrome

43
Q

will nephritic syndrome result in hypertension or hypotension and why?

A

hypertension

there is less fluid being excreted so the backup of fluid causes hypertension

44
Q

___________ is when the ____________ waste products build up in the blood because they’re not being excreted out in nephritic syndrome

A

azotemia

nitrogenous

45
Q

what is the main complication of untreated nephritic syndrome? what is it called?

A

fibrosis/scar tissue of the glomerulus. this is called chronic glomerulonephritis

46
Q

what is the main complication of chronic glomerulonephritis, when minimal to no filtration is taking place?

A

renal failure

47
Q

what are the two types of renal failure? Which one is reversible?

A

acute (reversible)

chronic (need kidney transplant)

48
Q

what are the three types of acute renal failure?

A

prerenal (not enough blood getting to kd for it to do its function)
intrarenal/intrinsic (a kidney problem)
postrenal (something causing backup of urine in the kd, i.e. hydronephrosis)

49
Q

what are possible causes of prerenal failure

A

remember: not enough blood is getting to the kidneys in order for them to function

CHF
MI
Shock

50
Q

what are the s/s of renal failure

A

oliguria/anuria
edema
hypertension

azotemia (nitrogenous waste in the blood)/uremia (urine in the blood)
this leads to...
muscle cramps and twitches from toxicity
arrythmia
seizure
nausea
weight loss (can't eat from nausea)
itching
discoloration

lethargy

confusion, coma without treatment

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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