Urinary Flashcards by Emma Sulkowicz

renal arteries –> afferent arterioles –> ball of capillaries called the _______

glomerulus

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what are the three filtration layers of a glomerulus

fenestrations in capillary membrane
basement membrane
podocytes of bowman’s capsule

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what should not be passing into bowman’s space

RBC
WBC
platelets
albumin and large proteins

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what filters through bowman’s space but then gets reabsorbed?

glucose

much of the fluid

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name the parts of the nephron in order

glomerulus
bowman's capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

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how many of each of the following do we have?
ureters
urethra

two ureters

one urethra

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what are the words for less, more, and zero urine

less - oliguria
more - polyuria
zero - anuria

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what are the causes of cloudy urine

WBCs
pus
bacteria

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what is the quality of proteinuria/albuminuria?

foamy

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what are the two causes of dark yellow urine

dehydration

bilirubin buildup

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hematuria can cause _____ colored urine if there are ________ in the urine. the urine will be ________ color if there are _________ in the urine

tea
some red blood cells
coca cola
lots of red blood cells

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if there is visible blood in the urine, there is probably _________ in the urethra

local damage

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___________ is when a person works out too hard in extremely hot conditions, causing _________ death. this causes ___________ to go into circulation and damage the _________, allowing _______ to pass through into the urine.

rhabdomyolysis
skeletal muscle
myoglobin
glomeruli
RBCs

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what is it called when RBCs, WBCs, platelets, proteins get misshapen as they pass through the nephron and are found in the urine?

urinary casts

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what causes urinary tract infection?

bacterial infection

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diff between lower and upper UTI

lower: cystitis, urethritis
upper: kidney infection

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two big risk factors for UTIs

men w/ enlarged prostates

women on/after antibiotics

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what is the name for a kidney infection

upper uti

pyelonephritis

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s/s of lower uti

burning
constant urgency, scanty amounts
pelvic or rectal pain
cloudy/dark urine

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s/s of upper uti

same as lower plus
fever
malaise
body aches
abdominal or back pain

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what are the words for kidney stones

urolithiasis

nepholithiasis

if a person has high amounts of ______ and _______ and is dehydrated, they will clump together in the bowman’s space and create urolithiasis or pyelonephritis

calcium

salt

why are urolithiasis more painful for men?

urethra is longer

what are s/s of urolithiasis

sudden one sided flank/rib-side/abdominal pain
colicky pain
dark urine from stone cutting up ureter
nausea/vomiting

what is it called when there is an accumulation of urine backed up in the kidneys

hydronephrosis

what are some things that can block urinary pathway and cause hydronephrosis

tumor urolithiasis scar tissue

if left untreated, what will result from hydronephrosis?

damage to nephrons and pain

________ is the autosomal (dominant/recessive?) genetic disease in which patient gets 1000s of cysts in the kidneys. this tends to show up around what age?

Polycystic Kidney Disease dominant 30s or 40s

glomerulonephropathy is a general term for

glomerulus pathology

primary glomerulonephropathy is a disease in __________ | secondary glomerulonephropathy is _________

the kidney itself | caused by something else

nephrotic syndrome vs. nephritic syndrome. which one has hematuria, and which one has protein in urine?

nephrotic syndrome has proteinuria | nephritic syndrome has hematuria (with some protein)

what are some possible causes of nephrotic syndrome?

diabetes Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus other autoimmune or inflammatory reactions

in nephrotic syndrome, what is the quality and quantity of the urine? what does this do to protein levels in the blood?

hyperproteinuria (foamy) and polyuria (lots of urine) lots of urine because water is attracted out to the protein leaving the body hypoproteinemia (low protein in the blood)

what does the lack of protein in the blood do to fluids in the body during nephrotic syndrome?

creates pitting edema. the fluid isn't held in the vessels because there is no protein to attract it inward. when you press it, there's no "snap back" without the protein

does a person with nephrotic syndrome have hypertension or hypotension?

hypertension. This is a compensatory measure due to the production of aldosterone

in nephrotic syndrome, what are the levels of fat in the blood and urine?

hyperlipidemia and hyperlipiduria the liver tries to create more protein, which creates more lipids in blood and they get excreted in the urine

will nephrotic syndrome result in weight gain or loss?

gain, because of the edema

what does nephrotic syndrome do to the immune system?

loss of proteins needed for antibodies and complement proteins. weakened immune system and frequent infections

how will RBCs, hormones, and drugs be affected by nephrotic syndrome?

loss of protein carriers for them, so effectiveness will be reduced. proteins required for production of RBCs will diminish and therefore anemia can result

what are the two main causes of nephritic syndrome?

1. further stage of nephrotic syndrome | 2. severe infection that skips nephrotic syndrome, typically untreated strep throat

describe the quality of urine in nephritic syndrome

oliguria (the glomerulus is so inflamed that there is less urine) hematuria (the glomerulus is so damaged that RBCs get through, nevertheless) mild proteinuria (some protein gets through)

how does nephritic syndrome affect fluid in the body?

mild, non-pitting edema | this is because there is protein loss, just not on the same level as nephrotic syndrome

will nephritic syndrome result in hypertension or hypotension and why?

hypertension | there is less fluid being excreted so the backup of fluid causes hypertension

___________ is when the ____________ waste products build up in the blood because they're not being excreted out in nephritic syndrome

azotemia | nitrogenous

what is the main complication of untreated nephritic syndrome? what is it called?

fibrosis/scar tissue of the glomerulus. this is called chronic glomerulonephritis

what is the main complication of chronic glomerulonephritis, when minimal to no filtration is taking place?

renal failure

what are the two types of renal failure? Which one is reversible?

acute (reversible) | chronic (need kidney transplant)

what are the three types of acute renal failure?

prerenal (not enough blood getting to kd for it to do its function) intrarenal/intrinsic (a kidney problem) postrenal (something causing backup of urine in the kd, i.e. hydronephrosis)

what are possible causes of prerenal failure

remember: not enough blood is getting to the kidneys in order for them to function CHF MI Shock

what are the s/s of renal failure

oliguria/anuria edema hypertension ``` azotemia (nitrogenous waste in the blood)/uremia (urine in the blood) this leads to... muscle cramps and twitches from toxicity arrythmia seizure nausea weight loss (can't eat from nausea) itching discoloration ``` lethargy confusion, coma without treatment