Endocrine Flashcards
what’s the difference between steroids and peptides?
steroids go into the cell
peptides are water soluble so they attach outside the cell
hormones use a ____________ mechanism to activate/deactivate certain aspects of the _____
lock and key
DNA
how can tumors of glands (aka ________) cause a hormone disorder?
adenoma
the tumor can block production of hormone
or they can start producing too much of a hormone
how can autoimmune disorders cause hormone imbalances?
antibodies can stimulate gland
or destroy it
if a cell stops responding adequately to a hormone, this is called _________. it will present as (excess or deficiency)?
cellular resistance
deficiency
what are the three reasons (hypothalamic pituitary axis) that the adrenals might have irregular output?
hypothalamus,
pituitary,
adrenals
what’s the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?
the hypothalamus “controls” the pituitary
name the hormones secreted by each in this chain:
hypothalamus:
pituitary:
thyroid:
also, is it the anterior or the posterior pituitary involved here?
TRH (thryrotropin releasing hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4)
anterior pituitary
which two hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary before secretion?
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
name the hormones secreted by each in this chain:
hypothalamus:
pituitary:
adrenal:
also, is it the anterior or the posterior pituitary involved here?
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
cortisol
anterior
the ____________ secretes _____________ which causes lactation from mammary glands
anterior pituitary
prolactin
growth hormone aka __________ is produced and secreted by the __________
somatotropin
anterior pituitary
luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are produced and secreted by the ______________
anterior pituitary
as far as endocrine disorders are concerned, what’s the difference between a primary and secondary disease?
primary is when hormone levels are irregular due to the gland that produces those hormones
secondary is when the gland is malfunctioning due to a dysfunction in a different gland
The liver converts somatotropin into ___________, which increases mass of ____________ and length of _________ by increasing uptake of ___________. somatotropin itself also decreases ___________ tissue
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) muscle bones glucose (for ATP) adipose
what is it called when there is a deficiency of growth hormone aka _________
pituitary dwarfism
somatotropin
what is a common cause of pituitary dwarfism?
pituitary adenoma
what is the treatment for pituitary dwarfism?
supplement growth hormone
pituitary dwarfism vs. ____________. which one results in disproportionate growth, and which one results in proportionate growth?
achondroplasia
pituitary dwarfism results in proportional growth
what is it called when there is excess growth hormone?
pituitary gigantism
what is a common cause of pituitary gigantism?
pituitary adenoma
what is a complication due to high levels of IGF1 in pituitary gigantism?
person can develop insulin resistance and therefore diabetes type 2
What happens to the heart in pituitary gigantism?
heart failure – too much tissue for the heart to supply with oxygen!
acromegaly vs pituitary gigantism
acromegaly happens in adults,
gigantism happens in children