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Pathophysiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

the (_______) is a passageway for food an air

A

pharynx

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2
Q

after pharynx, air passes the (_____) and goes into the (______)

A

epiglottis

larynx (L for Lower)

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3
Q

Describe pathway of cough reflex

A

trachial and bronchal walls –> vagus nerve –> medulla oblongata –> vagus nerve

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4
Q

describe pathway of sneeze reflex

A

trigeminal nerve –> medulla oblongata

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5
Q

what is the medical name for the common cold?

A

Corzya

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6
Q

What is the most common upper respiratory tract infection?

A

corzya aka the common cold

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7
Q

What is the disease in which a virus kills the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract?

A

influenza

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8
Q

what causes rhinosinusitis?

A

when there is an obstruction in the duct that supposed to drain the sinuses

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9
Q

what are two serious complications of rhinosinusitis because of where it can spread?

A

eyes (conjunctivitis)

Brain (via meninges/meningitis)

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10
Q

Epiglottitis is caused by (_______) which is a virus or bacteria?

A

Haemophilus influenza B

bacteria

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11
Q

what’s the number 1 symptom of acute bronchitis?

A

dry hacking cough thats worse at night

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12
Q

Name some non-lung related causes of shortness of breath

A 
MI
CHF
Valve Prolapse
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Tetanus
Anemia
Altitude
Out of Shape
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13
Q

What does pneumonia refer to?

A

when an infection of any disease agent (can even be other chemical injuries such as toxic fumes) gets to the alveoli and causes inflammation and fluid accumulation within the extracellular spaces. this impedes oxygen transfer. also, bacteria in the alveoli can enter the blood stream

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14
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia

A 
typical URI s/s
deep hacking cough
SOB and/or dyspnea
Chest pain
profound fatigue
high fever
tachycardia to get more oxygen to blood
cyanosis
confusion, coma if lack of oxygen affects brain
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15
Q

What’s the name of the odorless, colorless gas that’s the byproduct of combustion fumes?

A

carbon monoxide

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16
Q

How does Carbon Monoxide poisoning work?

A

CO has 200x greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and steals its parking spot, which deprives the body of oxygen

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A 
dull headache,
SOB
n/v
dizziness
confusion
blurred vision
Cherry Red lips and skin, especially at extremities
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18
Q

What are the outer and inner layers of the pleura? what is the space between them called?

A

parietal
visceral
potential space

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19
Q

does the lung have pain receptors or the pleura?

A

the pleura

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20
Q

what are two names for “inflammation of the pleura”? what causes it?

A

pleurisy
pleuritis

infection or injury

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21
Q

for Pleurisy and Pleuritis, Is pain worse on inhalation or exhalation and why?

A

inhalation, which stretches the lungs out

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22
Q

what is a pleural effusion?

A

when the “potential space” in the pleura fills up with water and is no longer potential

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23
Q

What is it called when either circulation issues, lymphatic issues, or an infection cause fluid to accumulate in the “potential space” of the pleura?

A

pleural effusion

24
Q

name two differences between pneumonia and pleural effusion

A

pleural effusion happens in the pleural space, pneumonia happens in alveoli
pneumonia has to be an infection, pleural effusion can come from other causes

25
Q

two s/s of pleural effusion

A

SOB

chest pain

26
Q

What is it called when there is an air accumulation in the pleural cavity? what can cause it?

A

pneumothorax

puncture or spontaneous (cough, etc.) causing damage to pleural cavity or alveoli

27
Q

what are s/s of pneumothorax

A

anxiety attack (d/t declining oxygen)
SOB
sudden sharp chest pain
cough

28
Q

what is the unusual property of tuberculosis bacteria?

A

has a waxy coating that makes it resistant to destruction by antibiotics

29
Q

how does the body’s immune response handle tuberculosis? How does the TB test work?

A

it surrounds the cell with immune cells. This forms a Ghon Complex, which is a cheese-like granuloma
If the body’s immune system reacts to the injection of TB proteins, it means that their body has been exposed before. they will get a chest x-ray for Ghon Complexes. Then they need to be put on 6 months of antibiotics

30
Q

describe the pathomechanism of an active TB infection

A

most of the damage is self-caused. This is a hypersensitivity type 2? reaction!

31
Q

What are symptoms of an active TB infection

A 
fever chills
SOB
chest pain
difficulty swallowing because the swallowing makes them pause breathing
therefore losing weight
night sweat
profound fatigue
dry, then productive cough with blood
32
Q

(________) is an autoimmune infection in which (________) granulomas (which is a cluster of (_________)) are formed on lung tissue and lymph nodes/areas such as

A

sarcoidosis
noncaseous
immune cells
spleen, liver, lymph nodes, skin (especially back of neck)

33
Q

What are the two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

emphysema

chronic bronchitis

34
Q

Is COPD associated with difficulty on inhalation or exhalation, first?

A

exhalation; blockage of airway

35
Q

describe pathomechanism of emphysema

A

cigarettes or other irritants create chronic inflammation in the lungs
phagocytes, which are part of our immune response, release elastase, which is an enzyme that breaks down elastic tissue and destroys alveoli
alveoli look like stretched balloon and patient develops “barrel chest”

36
Q

Describe pathomechanism of chronic bronchitis

A

chronic inflammation from smoking or infection causes airways to close from inflammation and mucus buildup. eventually fibrosis builds up and bronchi get stuck in narrow position

37
Q

diagnostic criteria of chronic bronchitis

A

productive cough of 3 consec. months in 2 consec. years

38
Q

what are the two colorful presentations of COPD, and which is more severe?

A

pink puffers and blue bloaters

blue bloaters are more severe

39
Q

describe a pink puffer

A

they can avoid cyanosis by hyperventilating and leaning forward to compress the lungs. they breathe through pursed lips. They work hard to “puff out”

40
Q

Describe a blue bloater

A

their chest wall has really barreled out so they seem bloated. they are cyanotic because no amount of effort can keep their O2 levels up. also, their pulmonary hypertension leads to right sided heart failure, so they get edema.

41
Q

describe the pathway of the heart

A 
right atrium
tricuspid
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid mitral
left ventricle
semilunar aortic
aorta
42
Q

s/s of both COPD diseases

A 
SOB difficulty exhalation
pulmonary hypertension
cough with sputum
insidious onset
frequent infections
clubbing of fingernails (because the body will sacrifice the periphery first)
43
Q

what is the name for when a lung pathology creates a heart pathology? how does COPD do this?

A

cor pulmonale
Very low O2 levels cause vessels to constrict, the pulmonary vessels are usually a low pressure system. over time this causes the left ventricle to fail.

44
Q

what are the 3 differences between asthma and chronic bronchitis?

A

asthma can start in childhood whereas chronic bronchitis is caused by an irritant or infection
asthma comes in “episodes”
asthma is reversible and chronic bronchitis is not

45
Q

what is asthma?

A

episodes of closing of the bronchi and excess mucus production, making it hard to exhale

46
Q

what are potential triggers for asthma?

A

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (Allergies)
exercise
cold
stress

47
Q

s/s of asthma

A 
cough w sputum
wheezing
SOB
difficulty exhalation
worse at night/early morning
chest tightness
48
Q

What is used to treat asthma and what are the side effects?

A

albuterol or advair, containing bronchodilators

anxiety
insomnia
seeming "on edge"
tachycardia
palpitations
hypertension
49
Q

what is interstitial lung disease?

A

its when you breathe in powders like silica, coal, or asbestos and the lung gets hard and stiff and noncompliant with scar tissue (fibrosis)
this makes it hard to inhale and stretch the lung out

50
Q

what is the #1 cancer killer in the US?

A

lung cancer!

51
Q

what are s/s of lung cancer?

A 
chronic cough (especially w blood)
chest pain
SOB
Weight loss
pallor/cyanosis
52
Q

(____________) is when a tumor grows in the apex of the lung and presses on thoracic structures such as the (_____________)

A

pancoast syndrome

brachial plexus

53
Q

what is often the first s/s of pancoast syndrome?

A

numbness/tingling/paraesthesia down the heart channel. relieved when elevating shoulder

54
Q

(_________) is when a lung tumor puts pressure on the sympathetic fibers that go to the face, because they exit the spinal column at (_____)

A

horner syndrome

t1 and t2

55
Q

what are the four main symptoms of horner’s syndrome?

A

All ipsilateral

  1. miosis
  2. ptosis
  3. anhydrosis
  4. redness

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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