Respiratory

Question 1

the (_______) is a passageway for food an air

Answer 1

pharynx

Question 2

after pharynx, air passes the (_____) and goes into the (______)

Answer 2

epiglottis

larynx (L for Lower)

Question 3

Describe pathway of cough reflex

Answer 3

trachial and bronchal walls –> vagus nerve –> medulla oblongata –> vagus nerve

Question 4

describe pathway of sneeze reflex

Answer 4

trigeminal nerve –> medulla oblongata

Question 5

what is the medical name for the common cold?

Answer 5

Corzya

Question 6

What is the most common upper respiratory tract infection?

Answer 6

corzya aka the common cold

Question 7

What is the disease in which a virus kills the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 7

influenza

Question 8

what causes rhinosinusitis?

Answer 8

when there is an obstruction in the duct that supposed to drain the sinuses

Question 9

what are two serious complications of rhinosinusitis because of where it can spread?

Answer 9

eyes (conjunctivitis)

Brain (via meninges/meningitis)

Question 10

Epiglottitis is caused by (_______) which is a virus or bacteria?

Answer 10

Haemophilus influenza B

bacteria

Question 11

what’s the number 1 symptom of acute bronchitis?

Answer 11

dry hacking cough thats worse at night

Question 12

Name some non-lung related causes of shortness of breath

Answer 12

MI
CHF
Valve Prolapse
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Tetanus
Anemia
Altitude
Out of Shape

Question 13

What does pneumonia refer to?

Answer 13

when an infection of any disease agent (can even be other chemical injuries such as toxic fumes) gets to the alveoli and causes inflammation and fluid accumulation within the extracellular spaces. this impedes oxygen transfer. also, bacteria in the alveoli can enter the blood stream

Question 14

what are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 14

typical URI s/s
deep hacking cough
SOB and/or dyspnea
Chest pain
profound fatigue
high fever
tachycardia to get more oxygen to blood
cyanosis
confusion, coma if lack of oxygen affects brain

Question 15

What’s the name of the odorless, colorless gas that’s the byproduct of combustion fumes?

Answer 15

carbon monoxide

Question 16

How does Carbon Monoxide poisoning work?

Answer 16

CO has 200x greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and steals its parking spot, which deprives the body of oxygen

Question 17

what are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Answer 17

dull headache,
SOB
n/v
dizziness
confusion
blurred vision
Cherry Red lips and skin, especially at extremities

Question 18

What are the outer and inner layers of the pleura? what is the space between them called?

Answer 18

parietal
visceral
potential space

Question 19

does the lung have pain receptors or the pleura?

Answer 19

the pleura

Question 20

what are two names for “inflammation of the pleura”? what causes it?

Answer 20

pleurisy
pleuritis

infection or injury

Question 21

for Pleurisy and Pleuritis, Is pain worse on inhalation or exhalation and why?

Answer 21

inhalation, which stretches the lungs out

Question 22

what is a pleural effusion?

Answer 22

when the “potential space” in the pleura fills up with water and is no longer potential

Question 23

What is it called when either circulation issues, lymphatic issues, or an infection cause fluid to accumulate in the “potential space” of the pleura?

Answer 23

pleural effusion

Question 24

name two differences between pneumonia and pleural effusion

Answer 24

pleural effusion happens in the pleural space, pneumonia happens in alveoli
pneumonia has to be an infection, pleural effusion can come from other causes

Question 25

two s/s of pleural effusion

Answer 25

SOB | chest pain

Question 26

What is it called when there is an air accumulation in the pleural cavity? what can cause it?

Answer 26

pneumothorax | puncture or spontaneous (cough, etc.) causing damage to pleural cavity or alveoli

Question 27

what are s/s of pneumothorax

Answer 27

anxiety attack (d/t declining oxygen) SOB sudden sharp chest pain cough

Question 28

what is the unusual property of tuberculosis bacteria?

Answer 28

has a waxy coating that makes it resistant to destruction by antibiotics

Question 29

how does the body's immune response handle tuberculosis? How does the TB test work?

Answer 29

it surrounds the cell with immune cells. This forms a Ghon Complex, which is a cheese-like granuloma If the body's immune system reacts to the injection of TB proteins, it means that their body has been exposed before. they will get a chest x-ray for Ghon Complexes. Then they need to be put on 6 months of antibiotics

Question 30

describe the pathomechanism of an active TB infection

Answer 30

most of the damage is self-caused. This is a hypersensitivity type 2? reaction!

Question 31

What are symptoms of an active TB infection

Answer 31

``` fever chills SOB chest pain difficulty swallowing because the swallowing makes them pause breathing therefore losing weight night sweat profound fatigue dry, then productive cough with blood ```

Question 32

(________) is an autoimmune infection in which (________) granulomas (which is a cluster of (_________)) are formed on lung tissue and lymph nodes/areas such as

Answer 32

sarcoidosis noncaseous immune cells spleen, liver, lymph nodes, skin (especially back of neck)

Question 33

What are the two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 33

emphysema | chronic bronchitis

Question 34

Is COPD associated with difficulty on inhalation or exhalation, first?

Answer 34

exhalation; blockage of airway

Question 35

describe pathomechanism of emphysema

Answer 35

cigarettes or other irritants create chronic inflammation in the lungs phagocytes, which are part of our immune response, release elastase, which is an enzyme that breaks down elastic tissue and destroys alveoli alveoli look like stretched balloon and patient develops "barrel chest"

Question 36

Describe pathomechanism of chronic bronchitis

Answer 36

chronic inflammation from smoking or infection causes airways to close from inflammation and mucus buildup. eventually fibrosis builds up and bronchi get stuck in narrow position

Question 37

diagnostic criteria of chronic bronchitis

Answer 37

productive cough of 3 consec. months in 2 consec. years

Question 38

what are the two colorful presentations of COPD, and which is more severe?

Answer 38

pink puffers and blue bloaters | blue bloaters are more severe

Question 39

describe a pink puffer

Answer 39

they can avoid cyanosis by hyperventilating and leaning forward to compress the lungs. they breathe through pursed lips. They work hard to "puff out"

Question 40

Describe a blue bloater

Answer 40

their chest wall has really barreled out so they seem bloated. they are cyanotic because no amount of effort can keep their O2 levels up. also, their pulmonary hypertension leads to right sided heart failure, so they get edema.

Question 41

describe the pathway of the heart

Answer 41

``` right atrium tricuspid right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid mitral left ventricle semilunar aortic aorta ```

Question 42

s/s of both COPD diseases

Answer 42

``` SOB difficulty exhalation pulmonary hypertension cough with sputum insidious onset frequent infections clubbing of fingernails (because the body will sacrifice the periphery first) ```

Question 43

what is the name for when a lung pathology creates a heart pathology? how does COPD do this?

Answer 43

cor pulmonale Very low O2 levels cause vessels to constrict, the pulmonary vessels are usually a low pressure system. over time this causes the left ventricle to fail.

Question 44

what are the 3 differences between asthma and chronic bronchitis?

Answer 44

asthma can start in childhood whereas chronic bronchitis is caused by an irritant or infection asthma comes in "episodes" asthma is reversible and chronic bronchitis is not

Question 45

what is asthma?

Answer 45

episodes of closing of the bronchi and excess mucus production, making it hard to exhale

Question 46

what are potential triggers for asthma?

Answer 46

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (Allergies) exercise cold stress

Question 47

s/s of asthma

Answer 47

``` cough w sputum wheezing SOB difficulty exhalation worse at night/early morning chest tightness ```

Question 48

What is used to treat asthma and what are the side effects?

Answer 48

albuterol or advair, containing bronchodilators ``` anxiety insomnia seeming "on edge" tachycardia palpitations hypertension ```

Question 49

what is interstitial lung disease?

Answer 49

its when you breathe in powders like silica, coal, or asbestos and the lung gets hard and stiff and noncompliant with scar tissue (fibrosis) this makes it hard to inhale and stretch the lung out

Question 50

what is the #1 cancer killer in the US?

Answer 50

lung cancer!

Question 51

what are s/s of lung cancer?

Answer 51

``` chronic cough (especially w blood) chest pain SOB Weight loss pallor/cyanosis ```

Question 52

(____________) is when a tumor grows in the apex of the lung and presses on thoracic structures such as the (_____________)

Answer 52

pancoast syndrome | brachial plexus

Question 53

what is often the first s/s of pancoast syndrome?

Answer 53

numbness/tingling/paraesthesia down the heart channel. relieved when elevating shoulder

Question 54

(_________) is when a lung tumor puts pressure on the sympathetic fibers that go to the face, because they exit the spinal column at (_____)

Answer 54

horner syndrome | t1 and t2

Question 55

what are the four main symptoms of horner's syndrome?

Answer 55

All ipsilateral 1. miosis 2. ptosis 3. anhydrosis 4. redness