Heart

Question 1

what is it called when atherosclerosis or vasoconstriction of the coronary artery to the heart muscle?

Answer 1

angina pectoris

Question 2

when will angina pectoris feel more painful? with rest or with exertion?

Answer 2

exertion

Question 3

does smoking cause vasoconstriction? will this affect angina pectoris?

Answer 3

yes

yes

Question 4

how does eating affect angina pectoris?

Answer 4

diverts blood flow to GI system.

Question 5

how do we treat angina pectoris?

Answer 5

nitroglycerine tablets

Question 6

what are the three types of angina?

Answer 6

stable - predictable
unstable - can occur spontaneously at rest
variant/prinzmetal’s angina - vasospasm, like raynauds but for the heart. triggered by cold, stress, or smoking

Question 7

Myocardial Infarction vs Cardiac Arrest

which one is a plumbing problem, which one is an electricity problem?

Answer 7

MI is plumbing

cardiac arrest is electricity

Question 8

what is it called when the amount of blood flow to heart is insufficient for heart muscle to function, potentially resulting in necrosis of heart muscle?

Answer 8

myocardial infarction (MI) aka heart attack

Question 9

what can suddenly cause MI

what can insidiously cause MI

Answer 9

embolism

atherosclerosis

Question 10

what are s/s of MI

Answer 10

crushing/suffocating chest pain
SOB
panic attack
sweating
palpitations
dizziness
nausea
loss of consciousness

Question 11

men, women, elderly, who is most likely to actually experience pain with MI

Answer 11

men

Question 12

what are the three types of cardiomyopathies. which one is a diastole problem and which is a systole problem?

Answer 12

restrictive - diastole problem
hypertrophic
dilated - systole problem

Question 13

in restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle is too stiff because of various accumulations. therefore, the ___________ (diastole or systole) is too ___ (low or high)

Answer 13

diastole

low

Question 14

in restrictive cardiomyopathy, the low diastole leads to reduced __________ and therefore reduced ________

Answer 14

preload

output

Question 15

does restrictive cardiomyopathy result in a thickened or stiff heart muscle

Answer 15

stiff

Question 16

what is it called when the walls of the heart start to thicken

Answer 16

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 17

what is the serious potential complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 17

the hypertrophied septum can block the aorta

Question 18

what are some causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 18

alcohol, cocaine, infection, genetics

Question 19

in dilated cardiomyopathy, the ______________ filaments become overstretched, which __________ the ability to pump out blood

Answer 19

actin-myosin

weakens

Question 20

what is a serious complication of dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 20

congestive heart failure

Question 21

if the ventricles have to pump against more resistance than they can handle, they will fatigue and pump inadequate amounts of blood. this is called?

Answer 21

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 22

what are three causes of CHF in the left ventricle?

Answer 22

hypertension in the arterial system
atherosclerosis
dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 23

what are two causes of CHF in the right ventricle

Answer 23

pulmonary embolism

any lung condition that causes a heart condition

Question 24

what is it called when a lung condition causes a heart condition

Answer 24

cor pulmonale

Question 25

which side of CHF causes backup in the pulmonary veins, which one in the venous system?

Answer 25

left side is pulmonary | right side is venous system

Question 26

s/s of left sided chf include

Answer 26

``` pulmonary edema pinkish sputum in cough better when propped up SOB fatigue palpitations chest pain ```

Question 27

s/s of right sided CHF include

Answer 27

body edema distended veins ascites

Question 28

eventually, what will happen with CHF on either side of heart? what is this called?

Answer 28

will spread to whole system. | total congestive heart failure

Question 29

what is it called when the circulatory system fails to provide nutrients to peripheral organs and tissues

Answer 29

shock

Question 30

what are the four types of shock

Answer 30

cardiogenic - heart pumping problem hypovolemic - loss of blood volume obstructive - blockage or embolism distributive - all blood vessels vasodilate

Question 31

what are the three types of distributive shock?

Answer 31

anaphylactic - allergen leads to histamine release septic - infection leads to cytokine storm, which leads to vasodilation neurogenic - nervous system failure such as guillain barre

Question 32

what are the s/s of shock

Answer 32

``` feel cold, blood moves to inner organs pale skin cold sweat tachycardia thirst vision problems restless weak pulse (no blood at periphery) loss of consciousness ```

Question 33

what is it called when the inner lining and valves of the heart become inflamed?

Answer 33

`endocarditis

Question 34

what are the two main causes of endocarditis

Answer 34

infection | rheumatic (post-strep antibodies)

Question 35

what's the difference between acute and subacute infection causing endocarditis

Answer 35

acute is an acute infection that got into the heart (all blood passes thru heart) subacute is when a weakened heart (for example, mitral valve prolapse) allows infected blood (typically weaker pathogen) to linger in there too long

Question 36

why do we need to tell the dentist if we have a heart condition, and what will happen if we do?

Answer 36

they need to put us on antibiotics to prevent any bacteria from mouth doens't give us endocarditis

Question 37

can you have rheumatic fever and therefore rheumatic endocarditis without strep infection?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

what are the s/s of myocarditis, especially the "number one hallelujah sign"

Answer 38

either acute or insidious (depending on type) splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails ``` fever chills chest pain palpitations palor cyanosis cardiogenic shock shortness of breath edema ``` with rheumatic endocarditis rash on trunk arthritis sydenham's chorea signs

Question 39

what are typical culprits for myocarditis?

Answer 39

covid or the covid vaccine

Question 40

what is it called when an infection of the pericardium/heart causes fluid to accumulate in the pericardial cavity?

Answer 40

pericarditis with cardiac tamponade

Question 41

what can cause pericarditis with cardiac tamponade

Answer 41

infection or trauma