Heart Flashcards
what is it called when atherosclerosis or vasoconstriction of the coronary artery to the heart muscle?
angina pectoris
when will angina pectoris feel more painful? with rest or with exertion?
exertion
does smoking cause vasoconstriction? will this affect angina pectoris?
yes
yes
how does eating affect angina pectoris?
diverts blood flow to GI system.
how do we treat angina pectoris?
nitroglycerine tablets
what are the three types of angina?
stable - predictable
unstable - can occur spontaneously at rest
variant/prinzmetal’s angina - vasospasm, like raynauds but for the heart. triggered by cold, stress, or smoking
Myocardial Infarction vs Cardiac Arrest
which one is a plumbing problem, which one is an electricity problem?
MI is plumbing
cardiac arrest is electricity
what is it called when the amount of blood flow to heart is insufficient for heart muscle to function, potentially resulting in necrosis of heart muscle?
myocardial infarction (MI) aka heart attack
what can suddenly cause MI
what can insidiously cause MI
embolism
atherosclerosis
what are s/s of MI
crushing/suffocating chest pain SOB panic attack sweating palpitations dizziness nausea loss of consciousness
men, women, elderly, who is most likely to actually experience pain with MI
men
what are the three types of cardiomyopathies. which one is a diastole problem and which is a systole problem?
restrictive - diastole problem
hypertrophic
dilated - systole problem
in restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle is too stiff because of various accumulations. therefore, the ___________ (diastole or systole) is too ___ (low or high)
diastole
low
in restrictive cardiomyopathy, the low diastole leads to reduced __________ and therefore reduced ________
preload
output
does restrictive cardiomyopathy result in a thickened or stiff heart muscle
stiff
what is it called when the walls of the heart start to thicken
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
what is the serious potential complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
the hypertrophied septum can block the aorta
what are some causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
alcohol, cocaine, infection, genetics
in dilated cardiomyopathy, the ______________ filaments become overstretched, which __________ the ability to pump out blood
actin-myosin
weakens
what is a serious complication of dilated cardiomyopathy?
congestive heart failure
if the ventricles have to pump against more resistance than they can handle, they will fatigue and pump inadequate amounts of blood. this is called?
Congestive Heart Failure
what are three causes of CHF in the left ventricle?
hypertension in the arterial system
atherosclerosis
dilated cardiomyopathy
what are two causes of CHF in the right ventricle
pulmonary embolism
any lung condition that causes a heart condition
what is it called when a lung condition causes a heart condition
cor pulmonale
which side of CHF causes backup in the pulmonary veins, which one in the venous system?
left side is pulmonary
right side is venous system
s/s of left sided chf include
pulmonary edema pinkish sputum in cough better when propped up SOB fatigue palpitations chest pain
s/s of right sided CHF include
body edema
distended veins
ascites
eventually, what will happen with CHF on either side of heart? what is this called?
will spread to whole system.
total congestive heart failure
what is it called when the circulatory system fails to provide nutrients to peripheral organs and tissues
shock
what are the four types of shock
cardiogenic - heart pumping problem
hypovolemic - loss of blood volume
obstructive - blockage or embolism
distributive - all blood vessels vasodilate
what are the three types of distributive shock?
anaphylactic - allergen leads to histamine release
septic - infection leads to cytokine storm, which leads to vasodilation
neurogenic - nervous system failure such as guillain barre
what are the s/s of shock
feel cold, blood moves to inner organs pale skin cold sweat tachycardia thirst vision problems restless weak pulse (no blood at periphery) loss of consciousness
what is it called when the inner lining and valves of the heart become inflamed?
`endocarditis
what are the two main causes of endocarditis
infection
rheumatic (post-strep antibodies)
what’s the difference between acute and subacute infection causing endocarditis
acute is an acute infection that got into the heart (all blood passes thru heart)
subacute is when a weakened heart (for example, mitral valve prolapse) allows infected blood (typically weaker pathogen) to linger in there too long
why do we need to tell the dentist if we have a heart condition, and what will happen if we do?
they need to put us on antibiotics to prevent any bacteria from mouth doens’t give us endocarditis
can you have rheumatic fever and therefore rheumatic endocarditis without strep infection?
no
what are the s/s of myocarditis, especially the “number one hallelujah sign”
either acute or insidious (depending on type)
splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
fever chills chest pain palpitations palor cyanosis cardiogenic shock shortness of breath edema
with rheumatic endocarditis
rash on trunk
arthritis
sydenham’s chorea signs
what are typical culprits for myocarditis?
covid or the covid vaccine
what is it called when an infection of the pericardium/heart causes fluid to accumulate in the pericardial cavity?
pericarditis with cardiac tamponade
what can cause pericarditis with cardiac tamponade
infection or trauma
