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Pathophysiology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is it called when atherosclerosis or vasoconstriction of the coronary artery to the heart muscle?

A

angina pectoris

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2
Q

when will angina pectoris feel more painful? with rest or with exertion?

A

exertion

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3
Q

does smoking cause vasoconstriction? will this affect angina pectoris?

A

yes

yes

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4
Q

how does eating affect angina pectoris?

A

diverts blood flow to GI system.

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5
Q

how do we treat angina pectoris?

A

nitroglycerine tablets

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6
Q

what are the three types of angina?

A

stable - predictable
unstable - can occur spontaneously at rest
variant/prinzmetal’s angina - vasospasm, like raynauds but for the heart. triggered by cold, stress, or smoking

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7
Q

Myocardial Infarction vs Cardiac Arrest

which one is a plumbing problem, which one is an electricity problem?

A

MI is plumbing

cardiac arrest is electricity

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8
Q

what is it called when the amount of blood flow to heart is insufficient for heart muscle to function, potentially resulting in necrosis of heart muscle?

A

myocardial infarction (MI) aka heart attack

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9
Q

what can suddenly cause MI

what can insidiously cause MI

A

embolism

atherosclerosis

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10
Q

what are s/s of MI

A 
crushing/suffocating chest pain
SOB
panic attack
sweating
palpitations
dizziness
nausea
loss of consciousness
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11
Q

men, women, elderly, who is most likely to actually experience pain with MI

A

men

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12
Q

what are the three types of cardiomyopathies. which one is a diastole problem and which is a systole problem?

A

restrictive - diastole problem
hypertrophic
dilated - systole problem

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13
Q

in restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle is too stiff because of various accumulations. therefore, the ___________ (diastole or systole) is too ___ (low or high)

A

diastole

low

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14
Q

in restrictive cardiomyopathy, the low diastole leads to reduced __________ and therefore reduced ________

A

preload

output

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15
Q

does restrictive cardiomyopathy result in a thickened or stiff heart muscle

A

stiff

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16
Q

what is it called when the walls of the heart start to thicken

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

what is the serious potential complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

the hypertrophied septum can block the aorta

18
Q

what are some causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

alcohol, cocaine, infection, genetics

19
Q

in dilated cardiomyopathy, the ______________ filaments become overstretched, which __________ the ability to pump out blood

A

actin-myosin

weakens

20
Q

what is a serious complication of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

congestive heart failure

21
Q

if the ventricles have to pump against more resistance than they can handle, they will fatigue and pump inadequate amounts of blood. this is called?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

22
Q

what are three causes of CHF in the left ventricle?

A

hypertension in the arterial system
atherosclerosis
dilated cardiomyopathy

23
Q

what are two causes of CHF in the right ventricle

A

pulmonary embolism

any lung condition that causes a heart condition

24
Q

what is it called when a lung condition causes a heart condition

A

cor pulmonale

25
Q

which side of CHF causes backup in the pulmonary veins, which one in the venous system?

A

left side is pulmonary

right side is venous system

26
Q

s/s of left sided chf include

A 
pulmonary edema
pinkish sputum in cough
better when propped up
SOB
fatigue
palpitations
chest pain
27
Q

s/s of right sided CHF include

A

body edema
distended veins
ascites

28
Q

eventually, what will happen with CHF on either side of heart? what is this called?

A

will spread to whole system.

total congestive heart failure

29
Q

what is it called when the circulatory system fails to provide nutrients to peripheral organs and tissues

A

shock

30
Q

what are the four types of shock

A

cardiogenic - heart pumping problem
hypovolemic - loss of blood volume
obstructive - blockage or embolism
distributive - all blood vessels vasodilate

31
Q

what are the three types of distributive shock?

A

anaphylactic - allergen leads to histamine release
septic - infection leads to cytokine storm, which leads to vasodilation
neurogenic - nervous system failure such as guillain barre

32
Q

what are the s/s of shock

A 
feel cold, blood moves to inner organs
pale skin
cold sweat
tachycardia
thirst
vision problems
restless
weak pulse (no blood at periphery)
loss of consciousness
33
Q

what is it called when the inner lining and valves of the heart become inflamed?

A

`endocarditis

34
Q

what are the two main causes of endocarditis

A

infection

rheumatic (post-strep antibodies)

35
Q

what’s the difference between acute and subacute infection causing endocarditis

A

acute is an acute infection that got into the heart (all blood passes thru heart)
subacute is when a weakened heart (for example, mitral valve prolapse) allows infected blood (typically weaker pathogen) to linger in there too long

36
Q

why do we need to tell the dentist if we have a heart condition, and what will happen if we do?

A

they need to put us on antibiotics to prevent any bacteria from mouth doens’t give us endocarditis

37
Q

can you have rheumatic fever and therefore rheumatic endocarditis without strep infection?

A

no

38
Q

what are the s/s of myocarditis, especially the “number one hallelujah sign”

A

either acute or insidious (depending on type)

splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails

fever
chills
chest pain
palpitations
palor
cyanosis
cardiogenic shock
shortness of breath
edema

with rheumatic endocarditis
rash on trunk
arthritis
sydenham’s chorea signs

39
Q

what are typical culprits for myocarditis?

A

covid or the covid vaccine

40
Q

what is it called when an infection of the pericardium/heart causes fluid to accumulate in the pericardial cavity?

A

pericarditis with cardiac tamponade

41
Q

what can cause pericarditis with cardiac tamponade

A

infection or trauma

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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