Neurological Disorders

Question 1

which part of the brain initiates voluntary muscle movement?

Answer 1

cerebral motor cortex

Question 2

which part of the brain deals with balance, equilibrium, posture, coordination of skilled movements, and proprioception?

Answer 2

cerebellum

Question 3

what is the cluster of cell bodies in the cerebellum and brainstem that deal with exciting and inhibiting motor neurons? what’s the subset of cells in this cluster that release ________ in order to inhibit motor neurons?

Answer 3

basal ganglia
substantia nigra
dopamine

Question 4

efferent pathway starts in primary motor cortex, then crosses at the ___________ which are in the _____________-

Answer 4

decussation of pyramids

medulla oblongata

Question 5

axon travels down from medulla to ___________

Answer 5

ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 6

where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 6

between L1 and L2

Question 7

what’s between medulla and spinal cord

Answer 7

corticospinal tract

Question 8

where does the efferent lower motor neuron start

Answer 8

ventral horn

Question 9

what is the name of the neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction?

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

the Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) includes

Answer 10

brain, spinal cord

CNS

Question 11

the Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) include

Answer 11

peripheral nervous system

Question 12

lower motor neuron is always slightly ______ so upper motor neuron ________ it

Answer 12

firing

inhibits

Question 13

symptoms such as stiffness, spasticity, hyper reflexia, babinski sign, ankle clonus will result from UMN or LMN disorder?

Answer 13

UMN

Question 14

symptoms such as hyporeflexia, muscle flaccidity will result in UMN or LMN disorder?

Answer 14

LMN

Question 15

1st order sensory neuron goes from

Answer 15

sensory organ of periphery to dorsal root

Question 16

2nd order sensory neuron goes from

Answer 16

it’s basically the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, from dorsal horn to thalamus

Question 17

3rd order sensory neuron goes from

Answer 17

thalamus to specific area of the cortex

Question 18

what is it called when substantia nigra fail to produce dopamine which causes lack of motor inhibition?

Answer 18

parkinson’s disease

Question 19

parkinson’s tremor is described as a ______ movement in ___ percent of patients. it’s noticeable at rest or when moving?

Answer 19

pill-rolling
70
at rest

Question 20

muscle ________ in parkinson’s can cause a ______-like face

Answer 20

rigidity

mask

Question 21

people with parkinson’s tend to move slow or fast?

why?

Answer 21

slow (bradykinesia)

because one muscle has to relax in order for the other to contract (agonist and antagonists)

Question 22

what is the name of the pathology described?
- Basically, you get strep throat, and then your immune system responds to strep throat by making antibodies. There are proteins on the cell membrane of the strep that are very similar to the antigens on our own nervous tissue. Some people get rheumatic fever, and the antibodies cross react with the antigens on motor neurons, so they get attacked and inflamed. This causes the neurons to spontaneously fire. The patient, as a result, gets involuntary/purposeless movements. Antibiotics can prevent, but not cure this condition.

Answer 22

sydenham’s chorea / st. vitus’ dance

Question 23

involuntary, purposeless, rapid, non-repetitive movements manifest in which pathology

Answer 23

sydenham’s chorea

Question 24

is essential aka ________ or ________ tremor autosomal dominant or recessive?

Answer 24

idiopathic
hereditary
dominant

Question 25

is essential tremor more noticeable with action or at rest?

Answer 25

with action

Question 26

effects of stress on essential tremor | effects of alcohol on essential tremor

Answer 26

stress makes it worse | small amounts of alcohol makes it better

Question 27

what is the word for "abnormal electrical activity in the brain"?

Answer 27

seizure

Question 28

what's the word for when a person has a tendency for recurring seizures?

Answer 28

epilepsy

Question 29

what is it called when a seizure affects only one hemisphere of the brain? how does this manifest during the seizure?

Answer 29

focal seizure | only half of the body is affected

Question 30

what is it called when a seizure affects both hemispheres of brain? how does that manifest during the seizure?

Answer 30

generalized | whole body is affected

Question 31

can a seizure be either conscious or unconscious?

Answer 31

IT can be either

Question 32

``` describe each of the types of seizures: tonic clonic tonic-clonic atonic myoclonic ```

Answer 32

tonic - agonist and antagonist contract at same time, like rigidity clonic - they alternate, creating convulsions tonic-clonic - a mixture atonic - they go limp myoclonic - sudden jerking of limb

Question 33

what are somatic and special sensory aspects of a seizure?

Answer 33

somatic is feeling something that isn't there | special sensory is sensing something that isn't there like a sound or sight

Question 34

what are some examples of autonomic changes in a seizure

Answer 34

altered heart rate, sweat, and blood pressure

Question 35

what are some examples of psychic changes during a seizure?

Answer 35

deja vu, personality changes, emotions

Question 36

what is it called if a person "goes away" during a seizure

Answer 36

absence

Question 37

after which vertebra does the cauda equina start?

Answer 37

L2

Question 38

what is it called when a disc herniation compresses the nerves of the cauda equina?

Answer 38

cauda equina syndrome

Question 39

what are the s/s of cauda equina syndrome?

Answer 39

saddle anesthesia incontinence pain numbness

Question 40

Is cauda equina syndrome a medical emergency?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

what is the mechanism of bell's palsy?

Answer 41

tumor, inflammation, muscle tightness, or bone presses on cranial nerve 7

Question 42

what gets paralyzed in bell's palsy?

Answer 42

one side of the face including forehead

Question 43

what is the mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 43

CNV is getting overstimulated

Question 44

in trigeminal neuralgia aka ___________ or _____________, which divisions of CNV are affected?

Answer 44

tic doloreaux

Question 44

in trigeminal neuralgia aka ___________ or _____________, which divisions of CNV are affected?

Answer 44

tic doloreaux suicide disease maxillary and mandibular

Question 45

what is felt along the maxillary and mandibular branches of CNV in trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 45

bouts of excruciating pain

Question 46

what is the autoimmune disorder in which antibodies interfere with acetylcholine receptors of neuromuscular junctions?

Answer 46

myasthenia gravis

Question 47

what are the s/s of myasthenia gravis? where do the symptoms typically start?

Answer 47

muscle weakness/flaccidity | starts at top of body in the eyelids and moves down

Question 48

what's it called when there is increased pressure in the anterior portion of eyeball due to fluid production by ____________ not flowing out through ________________

Answer 48

glaucoma ciliary body canal of schlemm

Question 49

what can result when glaucoma sets in/

Answer 49

cutting off blood flow to eye and damaging vision

Question 50

whats the difference between primary open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 50

primary open angle: the canal of schlemm is clogged | closed angle: the iris is not positioned properly so it's blocking the canal

Question 51

which eye pathology is associated with loss of peripheral vision?

Answer 51

glaucoma

Question 52

which eye pathology is associated with rainbow halos around lights, headaches, nausea/vomiting, pain in eye, loss of peripheral vision, and is it sudden or insidious?

Answer 52

glaucoma | can be either sudden or insidious

Question 53

which eye condition is associated with loss of vision in center of field?

Answer 53

macular degeneration

Question 54

in macular degeneration, ______________ accumulate in front of the lens and aren't able to be cleared out, causing loss of vision

Answer 54

drusen bodies, a form of cellular debris

Question 55

wet vs. dry macular degeneration. which one is blurry vision and which one is spotted vision?

Answer 55

wet is blurry, dry is spotted

Question 56

what is the mechanism of cataracts?

Answer 56

the proteins in the eye denature and create cloudy effect

Question 57

which eye condition has burry vision that's worse at night and sensitive to glares?

Answer 57

cataracts

Question 58

what's the condition in which endolymph fluid in the inner ear has abnormal composition, irritating the receptors for hearing and balance?

Answer 58

meniere's disease

Question 59

what's the condition with the following symptoms:

Answer 59

``` nystagmus dizziness vertigo tinnitus, nausea vomiting hearing loss feeling inner ear pressure ```

Question 60

_______ is an autoimmune condition that can be triggered by things that cause the immune system to flare up, like a covid vaccine or infection such as epstein barr

Answer 60

guillain barre

Question 61

what is the pathomechanism of guillain barre?

Answer 61

Antibodies attack myelin sheaths of PNS, decreasing the neuron's ability to pass messages along

Question 62

where does guillan barre typically start, and where does it progress?

Answer 62

typically starts in periphery and works its way up

Question 63

what are some s/s of guillain barre?

Answer 63

``` drunken/ataxic gait clumsiness muscle weakness ub/bowel control issues paresthesia ```

Question 64

__________ is an autoimmune condition in which antibodies attack the myelin sheaths in the CNS

Answer 64

multiple sclerosis

Question 65

guillain barre vs. multiple sclerosis: which one is acute and which one is chronic?

Answer 65

gb is acute | ms is chronic

Question 66

guillain barre vs multiple sclerosis | which one is easier to recover from?

Answer 66

gb

Question 67

what is lhermitte's sign

Answer 67

happens in Multiple Sclerosis, when a person experiences electrical shock sensation by flexing the cervical spine

Question 68

where do the s/s of multiple sclerosis start and progress toward?

Answer 68

starts in upper and progresses distally

Question 69

what are the s/s of multiple sclerosis

Answer 69

drunken ataxic gait muscle weakness paresthesia ub and bowel control issues ``` dizziness vertigo vision issues personality changes issues w memory and concentration ```

Question 70

in an MRI of a patient with multiple sclerosis, what will you find?

Answer 70

scar tissue on the nervous system

Question 71

What is meningitis?

Answer 71

inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 72

What is a complication of meningitis?

Answer 72

if the meninges become swollen, it can press down on the brain

Question 73

_________ is when the patient experiences pain when flexing the hip and dorsiflexing the foot __________ is when the patient experiences pain in the soto-hall position they are both indicative of ___________

Answer 73

kernig sign brudzinski sign meningitis

Question 74

what is the condition in which, for unknown reasons, the motor neurons deteriorate over time?

Answer 74

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 75

What is the condition that occurs when the cerebral motor cortex is destroyed either in utero or during birth?

Answer 75

Cerebral Palsy

Question 76

is cerebral palsy genetic or brain damage?

Answer 76

brain damage. not genetic

Question 77

describe the three types of cerebral palsy: spastic ataxic athetoid

Answer 77

spastic: most common, spastic muscles ataxic: balance and walking problems athetoid: chorea-like movements

Question 78

what is the number 1 cause of dementia in the united states?

Answer 78

alzheimer's disease

Question 79

alzheimer's occurs when __________ build up in the brain, creating ______, which block signals between neurons and causes the brain tissue to _________

Answer 79

amyloid proteins (misfolded proteins) plaques atrophy

Question 80

what are the three phases of alzheimer's

Answer 80

1. memory lapses 2. confusion, inability to do ADL (activities of daily living) 3. terminal: can't recognize people and incontinent

Question 81

what time of day do alzheimer's patients tend to wander off?

Answer 81

sundown