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Pathophysiology > Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the brain initiates voluntary muscle movement?

A

cerebral motor cortex

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2
Q

which part of the brain deals with balance, equilibrium, posture, coordination of skilled movements, and proprioception?

A

cerebellum

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3
Q

what is the cluster of cell bodies in the cerebellum and brainstem that deal with exciting and inhibiting motor neurons? what’s the subset of cells in this cluster that release ________ in order to inhibit motor neurons?

A

basal ganglia
substantia nigra
dopamine

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4
Q

efferent pathway starts in primary motor cortex, then crosses at the ___________ which are in the _____________-

A

decussation of pyramids

medulla oblongata

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5
Q

axon travels down from medulla to ___________

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

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6
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

between L1 and L2

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7
Q

what’s between medulla and spinal cord

A

corticospinal tract

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8
Q

where does the efferent lower motor neuron start

A

ventral horn

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9
Q

what is the name of the neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction?

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

the Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) includes

A

brain, spinal cord

CNS

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11
Q

the Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) include

A

peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

lower motor neuron is always slightly ______ so upper motor neuron ________ it

A

firing

inhibits

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13
Q

symptoms such as stiffness, spasticity, hyper reflexia, babinski sign, ankle clonus will result from UMN or LMN disorder?

A

UMN

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14
Q

symptoms such as hyporeflexia, muscle flaccidity will result in UMN or LMN disorder?

A

LMN

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15
Q

1st order sensory neuron goes from

A

sensory organ of periphery to dorsal root

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16
Q

2nd order sensory neuron goes from

A

it’s basically the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, from dorsal horn to thalamus

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17
Q

3rd order sensory neuron goes from

A

thalamus to specific area of the cortex

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18
Q

what is it called when substantia nigra fail to produce dopamine which causes lack of motor inhibition?

A

parkinson’s disease

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19
Q

parkinson’s tremor is described as a ______ movement in ___ percent of patients. it’s noticeable at rest or when moving?

A

pill-rolling
70
at rest

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20
Q

muscle ________ in parkinson’s can cause a ______-like face

A

rigidity

mask

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21
Q

people with parkinson’s tend to move slow or fast?

why?

A

slow (bradykinesia)

because one muscle has to relax in order for the other to contract (agonist and antagonists)

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22
Q

what is the name of the pathology described?
- Basically, you get strep throat, and then your immune system responds to strep throat by making antibodies. There are proteins on the cell membrane of the strep that are very similar to the antigens on our own nervous tissue. Some people get rheumatic fever, and the antibodies cross react with the antigens on motor neurons, so they get attacked and inflamed. This causes the neurons to spontaneously fire. The patient, as a result, gets involuntary/purposeless movements. Antibiotics can prevent, but not cure this condition.

A

sydenham’s chorea / st. vitus’ dance

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23
Q

involuntary, purposeless, rapid, non-repetitive movements manifest in which pathology

A

sydenham’s chorea

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24
Q

is essential aka ________ or ________ tremor autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

idiopathic
hereditary
dominant

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25
Q

is essential tremor more noticeable with action or at rest?

A

with action

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26
Q

effects of stress on essential tremor

effects of alcohol on essential tremor

A

stress makes it worse

small amounts of alcohol makes it better

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27
Q

what is the word for “abnormal electrical activity in the brain”?

A

seizure

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28
Q

what’s the word for when a person has a tendency for recurring seizures?

A

epilepsy

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29
Q

what is it called when a seizure affects only one hemisphere of the brain? how does this manifest during the seizure?

A

focal seizure

only half of the body is affected

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30
Q

what is it called when a seizure affects both hemispheres of brain? how does that manifest during the seizure?

A

generalized

whole body is affected

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31
Q

can a seizure be either conscious or unconscious?

A

IT can be either

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32
Q 
describe each of the types of seizures:
tonic
clonic
tonic-clonic
atonic
myoclonic
A

tonic - agonist and antagonist contract at same time, like rigidity
clonic - they alternate, creating convulsions
tonic-clonic - a mixture
atonic - they go limp
myoclonic - sudden jerking of limb

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33
Q

what are somatic and special sensory aspects of a seizure?

A

somatic is feeling something that isn’t there

special sensory is sensing something that isn’t there like a sound or sight

34
Q

what are some examples of autonomic changes in a seizure

A

altered heart rate, sweat, and blood pressure

35
Q

what are some examples of psychic changes during a seizure?

A

deja vu, personality changes, emotions

36
Q

what is it called if a person “goes away” during a seizure

A

absence

37
Q

after which vertebra does the cauda equina start?

A

L2

38
Q

what is it called when a disc herniation compresses the nerves of the cauda equina?

A

cauda equina syndrome

39
Q

what are the s/s of cauda equina syndrome?

A

saddle anesthesia
incontinence
pain
numbness

40
Q

Is cauda equina syndrome a medical emergency?

A

yes

41
Q

what is the mechanism of bell’s palsy?

A

tumor, inflammation, muscle tightness, or bone presses on cranial nerve 7

42
Q

what gets paralyzed in bell’s palsy?

A

one side of the face including forehead

43
Q

what is the mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia

A

CNV is getting overstimulated

44
Q

in trigeminal neuralgia aka ___________ or _____________, which divisions of CNV are affected?

A

tic doloreaux

44
Q

in trigeminal neuralgia aka ___________ or _____________, which divisions of CNV are affected?

A

tic doloreaux
suicide disease

maxillary and mandibular

45
Q

what is felt along the maxillary and mandibular branches of CNV in trigeminal neuralgia?

A

bouts of excruciating pain

46
Q

what is the autoimmune disorder in which antibodies interfere with acetylcholine receptors of neuromuscular junctions?

A

myasthenia gravis

47
Q

what are the s/s of myasthenia gravis? where do the symptoms typically start?

A

muscle weakness/flaccidity

starts at top of body in the eyelids and moves down

48
Q

what’s it called when there is increased pressure in the anterior portion of eyeball due to fluid production by ____________ not flowing out through ________________

A

glaucoma
ciliary body
canal of schlemm

49
Q

what can result when glaucoma sets in/

A

cutting off blood flow to eye and damaging vision

50
Q

whats the difference between primary open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma?

A

primary open angle: the canal of schlemm is clogged

closed angle: the iris is not positioned properly so it’s blocking the canal

51
Q

which eye pathology is associated with loss of peripheral vision?

A

glaucoma

52
Q

which eye pathology is associated with rainbow halos around lights, headaches, nausea/vomiting, pain in eye, loss of peripheral vision, and is it sudden or insidious?

A

glaucoma

can be either sudden or insidious

53
Q

which eye condition is associated with loss of vision in center of field?

A

macular degeneration

54
Q

in macular degeneration, ______________ accumulate in front of the lens and aren’t able to be cleared out, causing loss of vision

A

drusen bodies, a form of cellular debris

55
Q

wet vs. dry macular degeneration. which one is blurry vision and which one is spotted vision?

A

wet is blurry, dry is spotted

56
Q

what is the mechanism of cataracts?

A

the proteins in the eye denature and create cloudy effect

57
Q

which eye condition has burry vision that’s worse at night and sensitive to glares?

A

cataracts

58
Q

what’s the condition in which endolymph fluid in the inner ear has abnormal composition, irritating the receptors for hearing and balance?

A

meniere’s disease

59
Q

what’s the condition with the following symptoms:

A 
nystagmus
dizziness
vertigo
tinnitus, 
nausea
vomiting
hearing loss
feeling inner ear pressure
60
Q

_______ is an autoimmune condition that can be triggered by things that cause the immune system to flare up, like a covid vaccine or infection such as epstein barr

A

guillain barre

61
Q

what is the pathomechanism of guillain barre?

A

Antibodies attack myelin sheaths of PNS, decreasing the neuron’s ability to pass messages along

62
Q

where does guillan barre typically start, and where does it progress?

A

typically starts in periphery and works its way up

63
Q

what are some s/s of guillain barre?

A 
drunken/ataxic gait
clumsiness
muscle weakness
ub/bowel control issues
paresthesia
64
Q

__________ is an autoimmune condition in which antibodies attack the myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

multiple sclerosis

65
Q

guillain barre vs. multiple sclerosis: which one is acute and which one is chronic?

A

gb is acute

ms is chronic

66
Q

guillain barre vs multiple sclerosis

which one is easier to recover from?

A

gb

67
Q

what is lhermitte’s sign

A

happens in Multiple Sclerosis, when a person experiences electrical shock sensation by flexing the cervical spine

68
Q

where do the s/s of multiple sclerosis start and progress toward?

A

starts in upper and progresses distally

69
Q

what are the s/s of multiple sclerosis

A

drunken ataxic gait
muscle weakness
paresthesia
ub and bowel control issues

dizziness
vertigo
vision issues
personality changes
issues w memory and concentration
70
Q

in an MRI of a patient with multiple sclerosis, what will you find?

A

scar tissue on the nervous system

71
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

72
Q

What is a complication of meningitis?

A

if the meninges become swollen, it can press down on the brain

73
Q

_________ is when the patient experiences pain when flexing the hip and dorsiflexing the foot
__________ is when the patient experiences pain in the soto-hall position
they are both indicative of ___________

A

kernig sign
brudzinski sign
meningitis

74
Q

what is the condition in which, for unknown reasons, the motor neurons deteriorate over time?

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

75
Q

What is the condition that occurs when the cerebral motor cortex is destroyed either in utero or during birth?

A

Cerebral Palsy

76
Q

is cerebral palsy genetic or brain damage?

A

brain damage. not genetic

77
Q

describe the three types of cerebral palsy:
spastic
ataxic
athetoid

A

spastic: most common, spastic muscles
ataxic: balance and walking problems
athetoid: chorea-like movements

78
Q

what is the number 1 cause of dementia in the united states?

A

alzheimer’s disease

79
Q

alzheimer’s occurs when __________ build up in the brain, creating ______, which block signals between neurons and causes the brain tissue to _________

A

amyloid proteins (misfolded proteins)
plaques
atrophy

80
Q

what are the three phases of alzheimer’s

A
  1. memory lapses
  2. confusion, inability to do ADL (activities of daily living)
  3. terminal: can’t recognize people and incontinent
81
Q

what time of day do alzheimer’s patients tend to wander off?

A

sundown

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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