Infectious Diseases

Question 1

List the Agents of Disease from simplest to most complex

Answer 1

1. prions
2. viruses
3. bacteria
4. fungi
5. parasites

Question 2

which agent of disease is inanimate, just a protein with no DNA or RNA?

Answer 2

Prion

Question 3

Healthy human proteins have a(n) (_______), while prions have a(n) (_____)

Answer 3

alpha-helical shape

beta-pleated shape

Question 4

when a (____) comes in contact with human protein, it causes it to (____), causing (_____) damage

Answer 4

prion
misfold
neuron

Question 5

Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is caused by which agent of disease?
does it have a cure?

Answer 5

prion

no

Question 6

which agent of disease is either some dna or rna housed in a protein capsule?

Answer 6

virus

Question 7

Which disease agent gets into your cell, the viral genetic material gets mixed up with yours and gets copied. Your organelles start copying the proteins and making new dysfunctional cells which go out and infect other cells, and it builds from there

Answer 7

viruses

Question 8

herpes is an example of a (_____) that can hide in latency

Answer 8

virus

Question 9

(____) is a virus that can hide in latency and damage anterior horn cells, leading to permanent muscle weakness and (_________)

Answer 9

polio

flaccid paralysis

Question 10

anterior gray horn cells are responsible for

Answer 10

efferent motor function

Question 11

Are bacteria living?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

can bacteria reproduce on their own?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

Prokaryotic means?

Answer 13

the cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Question 14

Do bacteria have RNA, DNA, or both?

Answer 14

both

Question 15

what are the three ways bacteria can divide?

Answer 15

strepto - divides in chains
staphylo - divides in clusters
diplo - divides in pairs

my strep made me feel like i was locked in chains
Dave Levin got staph because he likes to have sex parties in clusters
diplo… di- refers to pairs

Question 16

What are the four shapes of bacteria

Answer 16

cocci - circles
bacilli - rods
vibrio - curves
spirilla - spiral

cocc looks like four circles
illi has four rods
vibrio undulates like curves
spiril looks like spiral

Question 17

(______) is caused by bacteria and leads to a thick coating of dead cells in upper airway, which could potentially obstruct the airway. By the time someone has upper respiratory thing and get rushed to hospital, it’s too late

Answer 17

Diptheria

Question 18

(______) or (________) is a type of bacteria that produces an exotoxin that blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release from the spinal cord. this causes muscles to go into (___________)

Answer 18

tetanus
Clostridium tetani
spastic paralysis

Question 19

symptoms of tetanus typically start in the (___)

Answer 19

jaw

Question 20

when the antigen of Lyme’s disease gets into our blood, describe how the body reacts

Answer 20

creates antibodies which attach and create antigen-antibody complexes that can get lodged in tissues. this is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction!

can get into vessels, nervous tissue (numbness tingling) and joints (arthrits)
cause fatigue and neurological problems

Question 21

what kind of disease agent causes lyme disease?

Answer 21

bacteria

Question 22

bull’s eye lesion called erythema chronicum migrans is caused by (_____) disease

Answer 22

lyme

Question 23

(_______) is caused by the (which disease agent?) infections (_____) and (_____), is common in kids, and looks like very itchy red sores on their face around nose and mouth that develop honey colored crusts

Answer 23

impetigo
bacteria
staph
strep

Question 24

what does eukaryotic mean?

Answer 24

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Question 25

(_____) are eukaryotic saprophytes, which means

Answer 25

fungi they have a nucleus with dna in it they live off decaying material

Question 26

fungi are capable of (_____) or (_____) reproduction

Answer 26

sexual | asexual

Question 27

fungi cell walls are made of (____)

Answer 27

chitin

Question 28

unicellular fungi are called | multicellular fungi are called

Answer 28

yeast | mold

Question 29

diaper rash and athletes foot are caused by which agent of disease?

Answer 29

fungus

Question 30

tinea aka (_______) affects the (____) and is caused by what disease agent

Answer 30

ringworm skin fungal

Question 31

three types of parasites

Answer 31

protozoa helminths arthopods

Question 32

What category of parasite? Unicellular organisms with complete set of eukaryotic organelles – Transmission is direct (human to human), via food/water, or via arthropod bite a good example of this is:

Answer 32

protozoa malaria

Question 33

helminths are

Answer 33

wormlike parasites

Question 34

roundworm is (____) while ringworm is (_____)

Answer 34

parasite | bacteria

Question 35

tapeworms are

Answer 35

helminths/parasites

Question 36

ticks, fleas, lice, mosquitoes, and mites (aka (____)) are all (______) (______)

Answer 36

scabies arthropods parasites

Question 37

Five stages of infectious disease?

Answer 37

IPA Cans Rule Incubation - pathogen replicates with little to no symptoms Prodrome - starting to feel off (fever, chills, aches, etc.) Acute stage - when you feel full effects of illness Convalescent stage - body repairs tissue Resolution stage - pathogen is eliminated and body returns to normal

Question 38

HIV is a (__-___) that causes AIDS

Answer 38

retro-virus

Question 39

HIV can be transmitted only by

Answer 39

blood contact (sex, needles, blood transfusions) perinatally (mother to infant) seminal and vaginal fluid

Question 40

HIV attacks the (_________)

Answer 40

T helper cells

Question 41

What does HIV contain, and what is the "container" made out of?

Answer 41

Contains: - 2 copies of RNA - 3 enzymes "RIP" Reverse transcriptase, Integrase, and Protease Container: - protein capsid - lipid bilayer

Question 42

What is it called when there are detectable levels of HIV antibodies

Answer 42

seroconversion

Question 43

what is the time between infection and seroconversion called?

Answer 43

window period

Question 44

is a person infectious during the window period of HIV?

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

a window period can be as long as (__)

Answer 45

6 months

Question 46

what is the time between infection and showing symptoms?

Answer 46

incubation period

Question 47

what is the difference between window period and incubation period?

Answer 47

the window period is the time until testing positive, while the incubation period (longer) is the time until showing symptoms

Question 48

what are the 8 steps of hiv incubation?

Answer 48

1. binding: virus binds to cell 2. injection: RNA gets injected 3. synthesis: REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE copies new, altered DNA 4. integration: INTEGRASE makes viral DNA take the place of host DNA 5. transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA 6. translation: mRNA is used to make polyproteins 7. cleavage: PROTEASE cuts polyproteins into new proteins 8. combination: proteins join with viral RNA to make new viruses

Question 49

what is an acute HIV infection

Answer 49

this is when the person gets a flu-like illness within the first four weeks of being infected

Question 50

How long does the latent period typically last, and how is it able to last so long?

Answer 50

5-10 years. At first, the T helper cells get replaced by the bone marrow. only after a long time is the bone marrow no longer able to keep up with the rate of T helper cell death

Question 51

HIV has become AIDS once you see the presence of (_______)

Answer 51

opportunistic infections

Question 52

What is a big differentiator between hepatitis symptoms and gallstone symptoms?

Answer 52

both have URQ pain but hepatitis has jaundice, fever/chills, nausea, constipation, muscle and joint pain, anorexia,

Question 53

hepatitis is a (what agent of disease?) that invades the (____) in the (____)

Answer 53

virus hepatocytes liver

Question 54

what's the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, and which one indicates liver backup, and which one indicates liver failure?

Answer 54

conjugated: the liver has processed it, but it's backed up in the bile duct unconjugated: the liver has not processed it, so it indicates liver failure

Question 55

which two enzymes indicate liver failure and why?

Answer 55

AST and ALT normally these are held within liver cells. If there is liver damage, they spill out into the blood. (could be cancer, alcohol, or hepatitis)

Question 56

which hepatitis viruses are blood borne, and which are oral fecal?

Answer 56

B, C, D are blood borne (middle ones are closer) | A, E are oral fecal (outer ones are more external)

Question 57

which hepatitis is the acute one? is there a vaccine available?

Answer 57

HAV (A for Acute) | yes

Question 58

which hepatitis is the one we need to worry about?

Answer 58

HBV

Question 59

Which hepatitis is the chronic one? how serious is it and why?

Answer 59

HCV (C for Chronic) super insidious (least likely to show up with jaundice) so its hard to catch no vaccine available #1 cause of liver cancer in the world

Question 60

HDV hitchhikes on which other hep?

Answer 60

HBV

Question 61

what is death of the liver called?

Answer 61

cirrhosis

Question 62

why don't we need to worry so much about HEV?

Answer 62

mostly found in developing nations