Infectious Diseases Flashcards
List the Agents of Disease from simplest to most complex
- prions
- viruses
- bacteria
- fungi
- parasites
which agent of disease is inanimate, just a protein with no DNA or RNA?
Prion
Healthy human proteins have a(n) (_______), while prions have a(n) (_____)
alpha-helical shape
beta-pleated shape
when a (____) comes in contact with human protein, it causes it to (____), causing (_____) damage
prion
misfold
neuron
Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is caused by which agent of disease?
does it have a cure?
prion
no
which agent of disease is either some dna or rna housed in a protein capsule?
virus
Which disease agent gets into your cell, the viral genetic material gets mixed up with yours and gets copied. Your organelles start copying the proteins and making new dysfunctional cells which go out and infect other cells, and it builds from there
viruses
herpes is an example of a (_____) that can hide in latency
virus
(____) is a virus that can hide in latency and damage anterior horn cells, leading to permanent muscle weakness and (_________)
polio
flaccid paralysis
anterior gray horn cells are responsible for
efferent motor function
Are bacteria living?
yes
can bacteria reproduce on their own?
yes
Prokaryotic means?
the cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
Do bacteria have RNA, DNA, or both?
both
what are the three ways bacteria can divide?
strepto - divides in chains
staphylo - divides in clusters
diplo - divides in pairs
my strep made me feel like i was locked in chains
Dave Levin got staph because he likes to have sex parties in clusters
diplo… di- refers to pairs
What are the four shapes of bacteria
cocci - circles
bacilli - rods
vibrio - curves
spirilla - spiral
cocc looks like four circles
illi has four rods
vibrio undulates like curves
spiril looks like spiral
(______) is caused by bacteria and leads to a thick coating of dead cells in upper airway, which could potentially obstruct the airway. By the time someone has upper respiratory thing and get rushed to hospital, it’s too late
Diptheria
(______) or (________) is a type of bacteria that produces an exotoxin that blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release from the spinal cord. this causes muscles to go into (___________)
tetanus
Clostridium tetani
spastic paralysis
symptoms of tetanus typically start in the (___)
jaw
when the antigen of Lyme’s disease gets into our blood, describe how the body reacts
creates antibodies which attach and create antigen-antibody complexes that can get lodged in tissues. this is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction!
can get into vessels, nervous tissue (numbness tingling) and joints (arthrits)
cause fatigue and neurological problems
what kind of disease agent causes lyme disease?
bacteria
bull’s eye lesion called erythema chronicum migrans is caused by (_____) disease
lyme
(_______) is caused by the (which disease agent?) infections (_____) and (_____), is common in kids, and looks like very itchy red sores on their face around nose and mouth that develop honey colored crusts
impetigo
bacteria
staph
strep
what does eukaryotic mean?
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
(_____) are eukaryotic saprophytes, which means
fungi
they have a nucleus with dna in it
they live off decaying material
fungi are capable of (_____) or (_____) reproduction
sexual
asexual
fungi cell walls are made of (____)
chitin
unicellular fungi are called
multicellular fungi are called
yeast
mold
diaper rash and athletes foot are caused by which agent of disease?
fungus
tinea aka (_______) affects the (____) and is caused by what disease agent
ringworm
skin
fungal
three types of parasites
protozoa
helminths
arthopods
What category of parasite?
Unicellular organisms with complete set of eukaryotic organelles – Transmission is direct (human to human), via food/water, or via arthropod bite
a good example of this is:
protozoa
malaria
helminths are
wormlike parasites
roundworm is (____) while ringworm is (_____)
parasite
bacteria
tapeworms are
helminths/parasites
ticks, fleas, lice, mosquitoes, and mites (aka (____)) are all (______) (______)
scabies
arthropods
parasites
Five stages of infectious disease?
IPA Cans Rule
Incubation
- pathogen replicates with little to no symptoms
Prodrome
- starting to feel off (fever, chills, aches, etc.)
Acute stage
- when you feel full effects of illness
Convalescent stage
- body repairs tissue
Resolution stage
- pathogen is eliminated and body returns to normal
HIV is a (__-___) that causes AIDS
retro-virus
HIV can be transmitted only by
blood contact (sex, needles, blood transfusions)
perinatally (mother to infant)
seminal and vaginal fluid
HIV attacks the (_________)
T helper cells
What does HIV contain, and what is the “container” made out of?
Contains:
- 2 copies of RNA
- 3 enzymes “RIP”
Reverse transcriptase, Integrase, and Protease
Container:
- protein capsid
- lipid bilayer
What is it called when there are detectable levels of HIV antibodies
seroconversion
what is the time between infection and seroconversion called?
window period
is a person infectious during the window period of HIV?
yes
a window period can be as long as (__)
6 months
what is the time between infection and showing symptoms?
incubation period
what is the difference between window period and incubation period?
the window period is the time until testing positive, while the incubation period (longer) is the time until showing symptoms
what are the 8 steps of hiv incubation?
- binding: virus binds to cell
- injection: RNA gets injected
- synthesis: REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE copies new, altered DNA
- integration: INTEGRASE makes viral DNA take the place of host DNA
- transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA
- translation: mRNA is used to make polyproteins
- cleavage: PROTEASE cuts polyproteins into new proteins
- combination: proteins join with viral RNA to make new viruses
what is an acute HIV infection
this is when the person gets a flu-like illness within the first four weeks of being infected
How long does the latent period typically last, and how is it able to last so long?
5-10 years. At first, the T helper cells get replaced by the bone marrow. only after a long time is the bone marrow no longer able to keep up with the rate of T helper cell death
HIV has become AIDS once you see the presence of (_______)
opportunistic infections
What is a big differentiator between hepatitis symptoms and gallstone symptoms?
both have URQ pain but hepatitis has jaundice, fever/chills, nausea, constipation, muscle and joint pain, anorexia,
hepatitis is a (what agent of disease?) that invades the (____) in the (____)
virus
hepatocytes
liver
what’s the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, and which one indicates liver backup, and which one indicates liver failure?
conjugated: the liver has processed it, but it’s backed up in the bile duct
unconjugated: the liver has not processed it, so it indicates liver failure
which two enzymes indicate liver failure and why?
AST and ALT
normally these are held within liver cells. If there is liver damage, they spill out into the blood.
(could be cancer, alcohol, or hepatitis)
which hepatitis viruses are blood borne, and which are oral fecal?
B, C, D are blood borne (middle ones are closer)
A, E are oral fecal (outer ones are more external)
which hepatitis is the acute one? is there a vaccine available?
HAV (A for Acute)
yes
which hepatitis is the one we need to worry about?
HBV
Which hepatitis is the chronic one? how serious is it and why?
HCV (C for Chronic)
super insidious (least likely to show up with jaundice) so its hard to catch
no vaccine available
#1 cause of liver cancer in the world
HDV hitchhikes on which other hep?
HBV
what is death of the liver called?
cirrhosis
why don’t we need to worry so much about HEV?
mostly found in developing nations
