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Pathophysiology > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

List the Agents of Disease from simplest to most complex

A
  1. prions
  2. viruses
  3. bacteria
  4. fungi
  5. parasites
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2
Q

which agent of disease is inanimate, just a protein with no DNA or RNA?

A

Prion

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3
Q

Healthy human proteins have a(n) (_______), while prions have a(n) (_____)

A

alpha-helical shape

beta-pleated shape

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4
Q

when a (____) comes in contact with human protein, it causes it to (____), causing (_____) damage

A

prion
misfold
neuron

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5
Q

Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is caused by which agent of disease?
does it have a cure?

A

prion

no

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6
Q

which agent of disease is either some dna or rna housed in a protein capsule?

A

virus

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7
Q

Which disease agent gets into your cell, the viral genetic material gets mixed up with yours and gets copied. Your organelles start copying the proteins and making new dysfunctional cells which go out and infect other cells, and it builds from there

A

viruses

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8
Q

herpes is an example of a (_____) that can hide in latency

A

virus

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9
Q

(____) is a virus that can hide in latency and damage anterior horn cells, leading to permanent muscle weakness and (_________)

A

polio

flaccid paralysis

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10
Q

anterior gray horn cells are responsible for

A

efferent motor function

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11
Q

Are bacteria living?

A

yes

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12
Q

can bacteria reproduce on their own?

A

yes

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13
Q

Prokaryotic means?

A

the cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

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14
Q

Do bacteria have RNA, DNA, or both?

A

both

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15
Q

what are the three ways bacteria can divide?

A

strepto - divides in chains
staphylo - divides in clusters
diplo - divides in pairs

my strep made me feel like i was locked in chains
Dave Levin got staph because he likes to have sex parties in clusters
diplo… di- refers to pairs

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16
Q

What are the four shapes of bacteria

A

cocci - circles
bacilli - rods
vibrio - curves
spirilla - spiral

cocc looks like four circles
illi has four rods
vibrio undulates like curves
spiril looks like spiral

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17
Q

(______) is caused by bacteria and leads to a thick coating of dead cells in upper airway, which could potentially obstruct the airway. By the time someone has upper respiratory thing and get rushed to hospital, it’s too late

A

Diptheria

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18
Q

(______) or (________) is a type of bacteria that produces an exotoxin that blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release from the spinal cord. this causes muscles to go into (___________)

A

tetanus
Clostridium tetani
spastic paralysis

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19
Q

symptoms of tetanus typically start in the (___)

A

jaw

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20
Q

when the antigen of Lyme’s disease gets into our blood, describe how the body reacts

A

creates antibodies which attach and create antigen-antibody complexes that can get lodged in tissues. this is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction!

can get into vessels, nervous tissue (numbness tingling) and joints (arthrits)
cause fatigue and neurological problems

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21
Q

what kind of disease agent causes lyme disease?

A

bacteria

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22
Q

bull’s eye lesion called erythema chronicum migrans is caused by (_____) disease

A

lyme

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23
Q

(_______) is caused by the (which disease agent?) infections (_____) and (_____), is common in kids, and looks like very itchy red sores on their face around nose and mouth that develop honey colored crusts

A

impetigo
bacteria
staph
strep

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24
Q

what does eukaryotic mean?

A

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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25
Q

(_____) are eukaryotic saprophytes, which means

A

fungi
they have a nucleus with dna in it
they live off decaying material

26
Q

fungi are capable of (_____) or (_____) reproduction

A

sexual

asexual

27
Q

fungi cell walls are made of (____)

A

chitin

28
Q

unicellular fungi are called

multicellular fungi are called

A

yeast

mold

29
Q

diaper rash and athletes foot are caused by which agent of disease?

A

fungus

30
Q

tinea aka (_______) affects the (____) and is caused by what disease agent

A

ringworm
skin
fungal

31
Q

three types of parasites

A

protozoa
helminths
arthopods

32
Q

What category of parasite?
Unicellular organisms with complete set of eukaryotic organelles – Transmission is direct (human to human), via food/water, or via arthropod bite

a good example of this is:

A

protozoa

malaria

33
Q

helminths are

A

wormlike parasites

34
Q

roundworm is (____) while ringworm is (_____)

A

parasite

bacteria

35
Q

tapeworms are

A

helminths/parasites

36
Q

ticks, fleas, lice, mosquitoes, and mites (aka (____)) are all (______) (______)

A

scabies
arthropods
parasites

37
Q

Five stages of infectious disease?

A

IPA Cans Rule

Incubation
- pathogen replicates with little to no symptoms

Prodrome
- starting to feel off (fever, chills, aches, etc.)

Acute stage
- when you feel full effects of illness

Convalescent stage
- body repairs tissue

Resolution stage
- pathogen is eliminated and body returns to normal

38
Q

HIV is a (__-___) that causes AIDS

A

retro-virus

39
Q

HIV can be transmitted only by

A

blood contact (sex, needles, blood transfusions)
perinatally (mother to infant)
seminal and vaginal fluid

40
Q

HIV attacks the (_________)

A

T helper cells

41
Q

What does HIV contain, and what is the “container” made out of?

A

Contains:
- 2 copies of RNA
- 3 enzymes “RIP”
Reverse transcriptase, Integrase, and Protease

Container:

  • protein capsid
  • lipid bilayer
42
Q

What is it called when there are detectable levels of HIV antibodies

A

seroconversion

43
Q

what is the time between infection and seroconversion called?

A

window period

44
Q

is a person infectious during the window period of HIV?

A

yes

45
Q

a window period can be as long as (__)

A

6 months

46
Q

what is the time between infection and showing symptoms?

A

incubation period

47
Q

what is the difference between window period and incubation period?

A

the window period is the time until testing positive, while the incubation period (longer) is the time until showing symptoms

48
Q

what are the 8 steps of hiv incubation?

A
  1. binding: virus binds to cell
  2. injection: RNA gets injected
  3. synthesis: REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE copies new, altered DNA
  4. integration: INTEGRASE makes viral DNA take the place of host DNA
  5. transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA
  6. translation: mRNA is used to make polyproteins
  7. cleavage: PROTEASE cuts polyproteins into new proteins
  8. combination: proteins join with viral RNA to make new viruses
49
Q

what is an acute HIV infection

A

this is when the person gets a flu-like illness within the first four weeks of being infected

50
Q

How long does the latent period typically last, and how is it able to last so long?

A

5-10 years. At first, the T helper cells get replaced by the bone marrow. only after a long time is the bone marrow no longer able to keep up with the rate of T helper cell death

51
Q

HIV has become AIDS once you see the presence of (_______)

A

opportunistic infections

52
Q

What is a big differentiator between hepatitis symptoms and gallstone symptoms?

A

both have URQ pain but hepatitis has jaundice, fever/chills, nausea, constipation, muscle and joint pain, anorexia,

53
Q

hepatitis is a (what agent of disease?) that invades the (____) in the (____)

A

virus
hepatocytes
liver

54
Q

what’s the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, and which one indicates liver backup, and which one indicates liver failure?

A

conjugated: the liver has processed it, but it’s backed up in the bile duct
unconjugated: the liver has not processed it, so it indicates liver failure

55
Q

which two enzymes indicate liver failure and why?

A

AST and ALT
normally these are held within liver cells. If there is liver damage, they spill out into the blood.
(could be cancer, alcohol, or hepatitis)

56
Q

which hepatitis viruses are blood borne, and which are oral fecal?

A

B, C, D are blood borne (middle ones are closer)

A, E are oral fecal (outer ones are more external)

57
Q

which hepatitis is the acute one? is there a vaccine available?

A

HAV (A for Acute)

yes

58
Q

which hepatitis is the one we need to worry about?

A

HBV

59
Q

Which hepatitis is the chronic one? how serious is it and why?

A

HCV (C for Chronic)
super insidious (least likely to show up with jaundice) so its hard to catch
no vaccine available
#1 cause of liver cancer in the world

60
Q

HDV hitchhikes on which other hep?

A

HBV

61
Q

what is death of the liver called?

A

cirrhosis

62
Q

why don’t we need to worry so much about HEV?

A

mostly found in developing nations

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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