Upper GI Flashcards
What is it called when the esophagus herniates outward and creates a side pouch?
esophageal diverticulum
describe s/s of esophageal diverticulum
can be asymptomatic if food collects in it, it can create halitosis and infection belching impeded swallowing can put pressure on trachea, coughing
what is it called when the stomach herniates through the diaphragm?
hiatal hernia
potential causes of extra pressure leading to hiatal hernia
potential causes of weak connective tissue leading to weak diaphragm opening
pregnancy
weightlifting
overeating/obesity
marfan syndrome
smoking
How does hiatal hernia lead to GERD?
when acid goes up in the stomach that has herniated, the diaphragm will push down to breathe and then the acid gets pushed up the esophagus
What is it called when the gastroesophageal sphincter doesn’t hold down stomach acid properly?
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease GERD
long term GERD can lead to?
barrett’s esophagus
esophageal strictures
What is it called when one type of cell transforms into another type of cell?
metaplasia
what is it called when mature cells become immature cells?
dysplasia
what is it called when metaplasia occurs in the esophagus due to long term GERD? what can it lead to?
metaplasia, Barrett’s esophagus
this can lead to dysplasia, and cancer
what is it called when the esophagus narrows due to scar tissue, inflammation, or spasm?
strictures
What syndrome can happen to people who vomit a lot, especially alcoholics and bullemics?
mallory-weiss syndrome
what are the two main signs and symptoms of mallory weiss?
blood in vomit
black tarry stool because the body has digested the blood
which vein carries blood away from digestive organs to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
What can cause a backup of blood in the hepatic portal vein (hepatic hypertension), and what does this lead to?
any liver condition
esophageal varicosities/varices
what are the s/s of esophageal varices?
difficulty swallowing
vomiting dark blood
melana
continuous bleeding if liver can’t make clotting factors
is dark melana indicative of upper or lower GI infection?
upper
is esophageal cancer dangerous? Why or why not?
yes, because it’s super hard to catch early
what are the s/s of esophageal cancer?
first, the patient will have trouble swallowing hard food, but as the tumor gets bigger, it will be hard to swallow easy food and liquids
chest pain and GERD symptoms
can be vomiting of blood and melana
can put pressure on trachea and cause cough
what are the main causes of acute gastritis?
alcohol
spicy food
NSAIDS
H Pylori infection
what are the causes of chronic gastritis?
repeated h pylori infection
repeated NSAID use
autoimmune condition
what are the symptoms of acute gastritis?
pain/fullness/burning
feeling full after only eating a little
nausea/vomiting
loss of appetite
what are the symptoms of chronic gastritis?
fullness/pain/burning feeling full after only eating a little nausea vomiting loss of appetite B12 or protein deficiency
(_____) is when there is a defect in the lining of the stomach, (____), or (___)
peptic ulcer
esophagus
duodenum
gastritis can lead to (_______)
peptic ulcer
what is it called when peptic ulcer goes all the way through stomach?
perforation
in addition to gastritis symptoms, what other s/s come with peptic ulcer?
vomiting of “wet coffee grounds”
why do people use antacids?
to neutralize stomach acidity and decrease irritation
when blood is in the vomit from the stomach, how will it look?
wet coffee grounds
is peptic ulcer perforation a medical emergency?
yes
what are s/s of stomach cancer?
same as gastritis
vomiting of coffee grounds
