Upper GI

Question 1

What is it called when the esophagus herniates outward and creates a side pouch?

Answer 1

esophageal diverticulum

Question 2

describe s/s of esophageal diverticulum

Answer 2

can be asymptomatic
if food collects in it, it can create halitosis and infection
belching
impeded swallowing
can put pressure on trachea, coughing

Question 3

what is it called when the stomach herniates through the diaphragm?

Answer 3

hiatal hernia

Question 4

potential causes of extra pressure leading to hiatal hernia

potential causes of weak connective tissue leading to weak diaphragm opening

Answer 4

pregnancy
weightlifting
overeating/obesity

marfan syndrome
smoking

Question 5

How does hiatal hernia lead to GERD?

Answer 5

when acid goes up in the stomach that has herniated, the diaphragm will push down to breathe and then the acid gets pushed up the esophagus

Question 6

What is it called when the gastroesophageal sphincter doesn’t hold down stomach acid properly?

Answer 6

Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease GERD

Question 7

long term GERD can lead to?

Answer 7

barrett’s esophagus

esophageal strictures

Question 8

What is it called when one type of cell transforms into another type of cell?

Answer 8

metaplasia

Question 9

what is it called when mature cells become immature cells?

Answer 9

dysplasia

Question 10

what is it called when metaplasia occurs in the esophagus due to long term GERD? what can it lead to?

Answer 10

metaplasia, Barrett’s esophagus

this can lead to dysplasia, and cancer

Question 11

what is it called when the esophagus narrows due to scar tissue, inflammation, or spasm?

Answer 11

strictures

Question 12

What syndrome can happen to people who vomit a lot, especially alcoholics and bullemics?

Answer 12

mallory-weiss syndrome

Question 13

what are the two main signs and symptoms of mallory weiss?

Answer 13

blood in vomit

black tarry stool because the body has digested the blood

Question 14

which vein carries blood away from digestive organs to the liver?

Answer 14

Hepatic portal vein

Question 15

What can cause a backup of blood in the hepatic portal vein (hepatic hypertension), and what does this lead to?

Answer 15

any liver condition

esophageal varicosities/varices

Question 16

what are the s/s of esophageal varices?

Answer 16

difficulty swallowing
vomiting dark blood
melana
continuous bleeding if liver can’t make clotting factors

Question 17

is dark melana indicative of upper or lower GI infection?

Answer 17

upper

Question 18

is esophageal cancer dangerous? Why or why not?

Answer 18

yes, because it’s super hard to catch early

Question 19

what are the s/s of esophageal cancer?

Answer 19

first, the patient will have trouble swallowing hard food, but as the tumor gets bigger, it will be hard to swallow easy food and liquids
chest pain and GERD symptoms
can be vomiting of blood and melana
can put pressure on trachea and cause cough

Question 20

what are the main causes of acute gastritis?

Answer 20

alcohol
spicy food
NSAIDS
H Pylori infection

Question 21

what are the causes of chronic gastritis?

Answer 21

repeated h pylori infection
repeated NSAID use
autoimmune condition

Question 22

what are the symptoms of acute gastritis?

Answer 22

pain/fullness/burning
feeling full after only eating a little
nausea/vomiting
loss of appetite

Question 23

what are the symptoms of chronic gastritis?

Answer 23

fullness/pain/burning
feeling full after only eating a little
nausea vomiting
loss of appetite
B12 or protein deficiency

Question 24

(_____) is when there is a defect in the lining of the stomach, (____), or (___)

Answer 24

peptic ulcer
esophagus
duodenum

Question 25

gastritis can lead to (_______)

Answer 25

peptic ulcer

Question 26

what is it called when peptic ulcer goes all the way through stomach?

Answer 26

perforation

Question 27

in addition to gastritis symptoms, what other s/s come with peptic ulcer?

Answer 27

vomiting of “wet coffee grounds”

Question 28

why do people use antacids?

Answer 28

to neutralize stomach acidity and decrease irritation

Question 29

when blood is in the vomit from the stomach, how will it look?

Answer 29

wet coffee grounds

Question 30

is peptic ulcer perforation a medical emergency?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

what are s/s of stomach cancer?

Answer 31

same as gastritis

vomiting of coffee grounds