Circulation Flashcards
what is normal blood pressure?
less than 120/80
what is elevated blood pressure
120-129/less than 80
what is stage 1 hypertension
130-139/80-89 either or
what is stage 2 hypertension
140-180/90-120 either or
what numbers are a hypertensive crisis
180+/120+ either or
what is more “dangerous” – high systole or high diastole?
systole
primary vs secondary hypertension
primary is hypertension in and of itself, no clear cause, probably part of that person’s genetic make up
secondary has a clear cause
what are the s/s of hypertension?
none, until it has begun to create tissue damage
blood vessels: clot formation, atherosclerosis, aneurisms heart: MI and CHF CNS: Stroke kidneys: glomeruli damage --> kd failure eyes: glaucoma, retinal detachment
what is it called when there is hardening/occlusion of the arteries with a loss of elasticity?
atherosclerosis
what are the most common arteries to be affected by atherosclerosis
circle of willis iliac popliteal carotid coronary abdominal aorta
how does all atherosclerosis begin?
damage to the endothelial lining of vessel wall
once the vessel wall has been damaged, what does this open the gates to, which leads to atherosclerosis?
LDLs can penetrate the walls of the vessels, causing inflammatory response
what happens to macrophages who try to eat LDLs that are inflaming blood vessel endothelium?
they fill up with cholesterol, becoming foam cells
foam cells form fatty streaks
what happens to the fatty streaks within the endothelium of blood vessels
smooth muscle and fibrous matrix lay down over it, making it harder and smaller lumen.
what is it called when there is an obstruction of blood flow within a vessel?
embolism
where can a clot go if it comes off of the ascending aorta?
anywhere in the body
What is the function of HDLs? are they good or bad?
they’re good
they carry fat from the arteries to the liver
what is the function of VLDLs and LDLs? are they good or bad?
theyre bad
VLDLs are packaged by the liver and sent out into the bloodstream where they become LDLs
they’re needed to create hormones, but in excess they can cause atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis/embolism in circle of willis or carotid artery can lead to:
stroke
if a stroke happens on right side of brain, where will the symptoms be?
on the left side of body
atherosclerosis/embolism in coronary artery can lead to:
Myocardial Infarction aka heart attack
atherosclerosis/embolism in iliac artery can lead to:
cramping/claudication (worse when exercising) and limping
atherosclerosis/embolism in aorta can lead to:
aneurism (rupture)
in general, atherosclerosis/embolism in small arteries tend toward:
in general, atherosclerosis/embolism in large arteries tend toward:
occlusion
rupture
what is it called when atherosclerosis impedes bloodflow distal to a plaque, especially in iliac artery?
vascular claudication
is vascular claudication better or worse with exercise?
worse
what are s/s of vascular claudication
numbness, tingling, dry skin loss of hair muscle atrophy palor/cyanosis messed up nails ulcerations dry gangrene
if you have weakening of the arterial wall, hypertension will make it more likely to __________. this is called an __________
rupture
aneurysm
common locations for aneurysms
cerebral vessels
ascending aorta
abdominal aorta
_____ aneurysm balloons out
_____ aneurysm rips endothelium apart
true
dissecting
a true aneurysm in the circle of willis will probably present as
sudden severe headache and loss of brain function
a true aneurysm in the ascending aorta will probably present as
chest pain and maybe throat hoarsness if it puts pressure on trachea
a true aneurysm in the abdominal will probably present as
abdominal pain.
what is it called when smoking causes vasculitis and therefore vascular claudication in hands and feet? especially happens to men between ages of 20-40
Buerger’s disease aka thromboangiitis obliterans
raynaud’s disease vs raynaud’s phenomenon
which one is primary and which one is secondary?
disease is primary
phenomenon is secondary
what are the s/s of raynaud’s disease and phenomenon
hands and maybe feet cold pale/cyanotic numb redness/tingling when circulation returns
raynaud’s disease is triggered by
cold
stress
what is the real danger of a clot on the venous side of circulatory system?
clot gets stuck in pulmonary arteries causing pulmonary embolism
what are s/s of pulmonary embolism?
SOB chest pain panic attack sweating palpitations cough with blood palor cyanosis dizziness loss of consciousness death
