Circulation

Question 1

what is normal blood pressure?

Answer 1

less than 120/80

Question 2

what is elevated blood pressure

Answer 2

120-129/less than 80

Question 3

what is stage 1 hypertension

Answer 3

130-139/80-89 either or

Question 4

what is stage 2 hypertension

Answer 4

140-180/90-120 either or

Question 5

what numbers are a hypertensive crisis

Answer 5

180+/120+ either or

Question 6

what is more “dangerous” – high systole or high diastole?

Answer 6

systole

Question 7

primary vs secondary hypertension

Answer 7

primary is hypertension in and of itself, no clear cause, probably part of that person’s genetic make up

secondary has a clear cause

Question 8

what are the s/s of hypertension?

Answer 8

none, until it has begun to create tissue damage

blood vessels: clot formation, atherosclerosis, aneurisms
heart: MI and CHF
CNS: Stroke
kidneys: glomeruli damage --> kd failure
eyes: glaucoma, retinal detachment

Question 9

what is it called when there is hardening/occlusion of the arteries with a loss of elasticity?

Answer 9

atherosclerosis

Question 10

what are the most common arteries to be affected by atherosclerosis

Answer 10

circle of willis
iliac
popliteal
carotid
coronary
abdominal aorta

Question 11

how does all atherosclerosis begin?

Answer 11

damage to the endothelial lining of vessel wall

Question 12

once the vessel wall has been damaged, what does this open the gates to, which leads to atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

LDLs can penetrate the walls of the vessels, causing inflammatory response

Question 13

what happens to macrophages who try to eat LDLs that are inflaming blood vessel endothelium?

Answer 13

they fill up with cholesterol, becoming foam cells

foam cells form fatty streaks

Question 14

what happens to the fatty streaks within the endothelium of blood vessels

Answer 14

smooth muscle and fibrous matrix lay down over it, making it harder and smaller lumen.

Question 15

what is it called when there is an obstruction of blood flow within a vessel?

Answer 15

embolism

Question 16

where can a clot go if it comes off of the ascending aorta?

Answer 16

anywhere in the body

Question 17

What is the function of HDLs? are they good or bad?

Answer 17

they’re good

they carry fat from the arteries to the liver

Question 18

what is the function of VLDLs and LDLs? are they good or bad?

Answer 18

theyre bad

VLDLs are packaged by the liver and sent out into the bloodstream where they become LDLs
they’re needed to create hormones, but in excess they can cause atherosclerosis

Question 19

atherosclerosis/embolism in circle of willis or carotid artery can lead to:

Answer 19

stroke

Question 20

if a stroke happens on right side of brain, where will the symptoms be?

Answer 20

on the left side of body

Question 21

atherosclerosis/embolism in coronary artery can lead to:

Answer 21

Myocardial Infarction aka heart attack

Question 22

atherosclerosis/embolism in iliac artery can lead to:

Answer 22

cramping/claudication (worse when exercising) and limping

Question 23

atherosclerosis/embolism in aorta can lead to:

Answer 23

aneurism (rupture)

Question 24

in general, atherosclerosis/embolism in small arteries tend toward:
in general, atherosclerosis/embolism in large arteries tend toward:

Answer 24

occlusion

rupture

Question 25

what is it called when atherosclerosis impedes bloodflow distal to a plaque, especially in iliac artery?

Answer 25

vascular claudication

Question 26

is vascular claudication better or worse with exercise?

Answer 26

worse

Question 27

what are s/s of vascular claudication

Answer 27

``` numbness, tingling, dry skin loss of hair muscle atrophy palor/cyanosis messed up nails ulcerations dry gangrene ```

Question 28

if you have weakening of the arterial wall, hypertension will make it more likely to __________. this is called an __________

Answer 28

rupture | aneurysm

Question 29

common locations for aneurysms

Answer 29

cerebral vessels ascending aorta abdominal aorta

Question 30

_____ aneurysm balloons out | _____ aneurysm rips endothelium apart

Answer 30

true | dissecting

Question 31

a true aneurysm in the circle of willis will probably present as

Answer 31

sudden severe headache and loss of brain function

Question 32

a true aneurysm in the ascending aorta will probably present as

Answer 32

chest pain and maybe throat hoarsness if it puts pressure on trachea

Question 33

a true aneurysm in the abdominal will probably present as

Answer 33

abdominal pain.

Question 34

what is it called when smoking causes vasculitis and therefore vascular claudication in hands and feet? especially happens to men between ages of 20-40

Answer 34

Buerger's disease aka thromboangiitis obliterans

Question 35

raynaud's disease vs raynaud's phenomenon | which one is primary and which one is secondary?

Answer 35

disease is primary | phenomenon is secondary

Question 36

what are the s/s of raynaud's disease and phenomenon

Answer 36

``` hands and maybe feet cold pale/cyanotic numb redness/tingling when circulation returns ```

Question 37

raynaud's disease is triggered by

Answer 37

cold | stress

Question 38

what is the real danger of a clot on the venous side of circulatory system?

Answer 38

clot gets stuck in pulmonary arteries causing pulmonary embolism

Question 39

what are s/s of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 39

``` SOB chest pain panic attack sweating palpitations cough with blood palor cyanosis dizziness loss of consciousness death ```