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Pathophysiology > Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

do RBCs have organelles?

A

no

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2
Q

what’s the main job of hemoglobin?

A

transport O2 in the blood (also a bit of CO2)

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3
Q

what is the nutrient at the center of the heme group?

A

iron

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4
Q

where are RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets made?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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5
Q

if red bone marrow is employed making a ton of either rbcs, wbcs, or platelets, what will happen to the production of the other two types of cells? this is the idea that explains ________ of chronic disease

A

it will be compromised and become deficient. if the body needs to produce a ton of WBCs for a chronic disease condition, RBC production will be compromised. if the body must produce a ton of RBCs, then WBC production will be compromised

anemia of chronic disease

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6
Q

how long do rbc’s typically live? what happens when they are ready to die? where do the end products go

A

120 days

they get caught in the special capillaries of the spleen and are broken down by macrophages

amino acids and iron get recycled. bilirubin goes to the liver to be eliminated with bile

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7
Q

what are the two reasons jaundice might occur?

A

too much blood is being broken down, the liver can’t keep up

liver is compromised and can’t keep up

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8
Q

what is a cbc lab? what is a differential?

A

complete blood count

differential breaks down WBC counts by type

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9
Q

name each thing counted on a CBC
_____ is the percentage of RBC mass per 100ml blood
_____ is total number of RBC
_____ is total Hb (hemoglobin) content of blood
_____ is concentration of Hb per cell
_____ is an indicator of iron levels
_____ is amount of immature RBCs, which indicates level of erythropoietic activity

A 
hematocrit
RBC count
hemoglobin
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
ferritin
reticulocytes
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10
Q

what could cause low or high reticulocytes?

A

low – bone marrow failiure

high – recent and severe blood loss

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11
Q

RBC _______ lab checks for size and color of RBCs

A

indices

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12
Q

on an RBC indices lab,
normal levels of hemoglobin are called _______
low levels of hemoglobin are called _______
high levels of hemoglobin are called _______

A

normochromic
hypochromic
hyperchromic

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13
Q

on an RBC indices lab,
normal mean cell volume is called _______
small mean cell volume is called _______
large mean cell volume is called _______

A

normocytic
microcytic
macrocytic

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14
Q

what are the three types of anemias, and which one will result in jaundice?

A
  1. hemorrhagic
  2. hemolytic (blood cells not living up to their 120-day life span), resulting in jaundice
  3. diminished erythropoiesis
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15
Q

what are some acute causes of hemorrhagic anemia

A

stab wound, spleen rupture

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16
Q

what are some chronic causes of hemorrhagic anemia

A

heavy menses, bleeding ulcer

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17
Q

what are some causes of extrinsic hemolytic anemia

A

venom, malaria, drugs, autoimmune disease (lupus)

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18
Q

what are some intrinsic causes of hemolytic anemia

A

genetic defect of RBC membrane or hemoglobin molecule

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19
Q

what are “the usual” signs of anemia?

A 
dry/brittle skin/nail/hair
muscle cramps
dimming of vision
tachycardia/palpitations
fatigue
pale
feeling cold
dull headache
SOB
20
Q

what are the three types of hemolytic anemias

A

spherocytosis
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia

21
Q

what is it called when a person’s genes code for defective, spherical RBC cytoskeletons? is it autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

hereditary spherocytosis

dominant

21
Q

what is it called when a person’s genes code for defective, spherical RBC cytoskeletons? is it autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

hereditary spherocytosis

dominant

22
Q

in addition to “the usual”, what other s/s will come from hereditary spherocytosis?

A

normally it takes 120 days for RBCs to become spherical, when they become trapped in the spleen and ready for destruction. in this condition, the increased number of cells being destroyed in the spleen can cause

hepatosplenomegaly
jaundice
high risk of iron overload and gallstones

23
Q

in hereditary spherocytosis, what are the labs for the following?
spherocytes
reticulocytes
bilirubin

A

present
high
high

24
Q

what are the genotypes and phenotypes for sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia?

A

trait: Aa (heterozygous)
they have a mix of healthy and unhealthy cells. beneficial for malaria

anemia: aa (homozygous)
no healthy cells

25
Q

what age does sickle cell anemia show up and why?

A

6 months

this is when fetal hemoglobin wears off

26
Q

in addition to the usual, what are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A 
jaundice
muscle cramps
death of tissue
bone pain
blockages, hepatosplenomegaly, priapism
frequent illness
developmental delays
27
Q

what things make sickle cell anemia worse?

A 
anything that constricts or obstructs blood flow
smoking
cold
dehydration
stress
28
Q 
what are the following labs in sickle cell anemia?
blood o2
bilirubin
reticulocytes
MRI of tissues
A

02 low
bilirubin high
reticulocytes high
mri shows necrosis

29
Q

name the 6 types of thalassemia

A 
beta thalassemia major
beta thalassemia minor
alpha thalassemia silent carrier
alpha thalassemia trait/minor
hemoglobin h disease
hydrops fatalis syndrome
30
Q

what’s the deal with beta thalassemia minor and alpha thalassemia trait/minor

A

one beta chain is affected and they will have mild anemia symptoms

31
Q

what’s the deal with alpha thalassemia silent carrier

A

no one will really ever know they have it

32
Q

what’s the deal with hyrdops fatalis syndrome?

A

all four alpha chains are fucked and they will die in utero or shortly after birth

33
Q

what’s the deal with beta thalassemia major and hemoglobin h disease?

A

both beta chains affected
three of four alpha chains affected

severe hemolytic anemia s/s
jaundice
chipmunk faces
bone marrow hypertrophies from producing so many RBCs but can't keep up
die around age 30
34
Q

primary vs secondary iron deficiency anemia

A

primary: not enough iron in the diet
secondary: some other thing in the body is causing an absorption or uptake problem

35
Q

in addition to the usual, what are the other symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

“weird cravings” like chalk and dirt

glossitis

36
Q 
what are the labs for the following in iron deficiency anemia?
size
color
rbc count
hematocrit
ferritin
A 
microcytic
hypochromic
low
low
low
37
Q

with B12 and ______ deficiency anemia, the red blood mcells are (macro or micro cytic) and why?

A

folic acid

marcocytic because they don’t divide enough.

38
Q

in labs for folic acid and b12 deficiency, what size and color will the cells be?

A

macrocytic

normochromic

39
Q

in addition to the usual, what are the s/s of folic acid and b12 def?

A

might have mild jaundice because the large rbcs don’t last as long
sometimes glossitis

B12 def can lead to myelin destruction. –> paresthesia, muscle weakness, numbness, tingling

pernicious anemia….

40
Q

___________ is an autoimmune condition in which the autoantibodies destroy the ___________ in the lining of the stomach. this leads to a reduction of ____________ and hinders their ability to absorb B12

A

Pernicious anemia
parietal cells
intrinsic factor

41
Q

________ is when there’s an abnormally high RBC mass.

A

polycythemia

42
Q

what are the consequences of polycythemia

A

blood will not circulate well and lead to occlusions

will not supply blood to the tissues properly

43
Q

primary versus secondary polycythemia

A

primary (vera): a neoplastic condition of the bone marrow, which makes too many blood cells

secondary: resulting from another condition (typically hypoxia of heart or lungs)

44
Q

what is the main treatment for polycythemia

A

bleed the patient

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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