UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT CONDITIONS AND INFECTIONS

Question 1

Name the 3 Upper respiratory tract infections

Answer 1

Acute bacterial sinusitis(rhinitis, runny nose)
Acute pharyngotonsillitis(sore throat)
Acute otitis media(earache)

Question 2

Name 3 lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 2

Acute bronchitis
Acute exacerbation of COPD
Pneumonia

Question 3

what is rhinitis?

Answer 3

Inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose

Question 4

Rhinitis is characterized by what?

Answer 4

Runny nose and stuffiness

Question 5

what causes the rhinitis?

Answer 5

Cold or allergy

Question 6

Symptoms of Rhinitis

Answer 6

Runny nose, sneezing and stuffiness

Question 7

how long does the viral/allergic rhinitis last?

Answer 7

2-3 days (5-7)

Question 8

how long does the bacterial rhinitis last?

Answer 8

7-10 days

Question 9

List the sysmptoms of viral/allergic rhinitis

Answer 9

Nasal congestion/obstruction
Watery discharge (rhinitis) from both nostrils
General illness

Question 10

List the sysmptoms of bacterial rhinitis

Answer 10

Headache, fever, facial/ dental tenderness (facial pain), purulent nasal discharge (especially unilaterally)

Question 11

List 3 micro-organisms that causes bacterial rhinitis

Answer 11

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 12

Define allergic rhinitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal sinuses in response to an allergen. e.g pollen grain, house dust, grasses and animal hair.

Question 13

The allergic rhinitis is characterized by what?

Answer 13

snoring at night
Mouth breathing
oedemetous pale nasal mucosa
conjuctival itching and watering
watery nasal discharge
blocked stuffy nose
Frequent sneezing, often accompanied by nasal itching and irritation

Question 14

Allergic rhinitis excludes other causes like what? list them

Answer 14

Infections
Vasomotor rhinitis
Overuse of decogestant drops
Side effects of antihypertensives and antidepressants

Question 15

List 2 non drug treatment of allergic rhinitis

Answer 15

Avoid allergens and irritants

Question 16

what does the antihistamines relieve in allergic rhinitis

Answer 16

Sneezing
Itching
runny nose

Question 17

Antihistamines use in allergic rhinitis do not relieve what?

Answer 17

Nasal congestion

Question 18

You should co-administer antihistamines with which medication in order to provide great symptoms relief of allergic rhinitis

Answer 18

nasal steroids and decongestants

Question 19

Antihistamines for allergic rhinitis that can be given without prescription and in long acting. Give that antihistamines

Answer 19

Nonsedating oral antihistamines

Question 20

which antihistamines should not be given before driving or operating machinery or in children?

Answer 20

Sedating oral antihistamines chlorpheniramine

Question 21

Medication used in allergic rhinitis that are most effective, evidence based maintenance therapy

Answer 21

Tropical intranasal steroids

Question 22

Adverse effects of nasal steroid use in allergic rhinitis

Answer 22

Transient burning
Stinging
dry nose
sneezing

Question 23

The maximum response for nasal steroids is seen when? When should a patient stop using medication

Answer 23

2 weeks
The patient should continues, prophylactic use, even symptom free

Question 24

Administration instruction to a patient about nasal steroids explain

Answer 24

Usually administer as spray, blow nose before administration, spray away from the nasal septum, while breathing in gently (do not sniff up the spray), bend head foward towards the knees for 20 seconds, while occluding the nose to prevent leakage out the nose

Question 25

Drug treatment for allergic rhinitis for adults and children>6 years of age

Answer 25

corticosteroid e.g: fluticosone, aqueous nasal solution

Question 26

Allergic rhinitis drug treatment for short term symptomatic use

Answer 26

CHLORPHENAMINE, ORAL, 6-8 HOURLY

Question 27

Allergic rhinitis drug treatment for relief of nocturnal nasal blockage

Answer 27

Topical nasal decongestant e.g oxymetazoline 0.05%, intranasal, admistered at night for a maximum of 5 days

Question 28

Long term antihistamines should be used when?

Answer 28

After an adequet trial of intranasal corticosteroids and should be added to steroid therapy, if necessary.

Question 29

allergic rhinitis drug treatment for long term use in adults and children:

Answer 29

Cetirizine once daily

Question 30

Caution and referral of allergic rhinitis drug treatment

Answer 30

Caution: do not give antihistamines to children <2 years of age
Referral: chronic persistent symptoms, severe symptoms, patients on protease inhibitors, requiring nasal corticosteroids